Un estudio etnográfico de los judíos sefardíes y su lengua en el Imperio otomano del s. XIX desde la perspectiva de los misioneros protestantes escoceses

  1. Daniel Martín González
Journal:
Darom: Revista de estudios judíos

ISSN: 2659-8272 2660-9967

Year of publication: 2021

Volume: 1

Issue: 3

Type: Article

More publications in: Darom: Revista de estudios judíos

Sustainable development goals

info

SDG classification obtained using Aurora SDG artificial intelligence model.

Abstract

Este artículo realiza una aproximación etnolingüística a la descripción de los judíos sefardíes y su lengua en el Imperio Otomano desde la perspectiva de los misioneros protestantes escoceses a través de cartas, actas e informes de la Iglesia Libre de Escocia así como de los textos educativos publicados por el misionero escocés Alexander Thomson (1820-1899), quien lideró la Misión para los judíos de Constantinopla de dicha iglesia durante casi dos décadas. Nuestro estudio revela una actitud antirabínica encubierta en los escritos educativos pero reflejada en las cartas e informes que posteriormente sería revelada de manera más explícita en textos educativos posteriores.

Bibliographic References

  • ANGENOT, M. (1982), La parole pamphlétaire: Contribution à la typologie des discours modernes. París: Payot.
  • ARABCFM (1846) = Thirty-seventh Annual Report of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 1846. Boston, MA: T. R. Marvin.
  • ARABCFM (1847) = Thirty-eight Annual Report of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 1847. Boston, MA: T. R. Marvin.
  • BAILLIE, J. (1843), Proceedings of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland; with a sketch of the Proceedings of the Residuary Assembly, 1843. Edinburgh, UK: John Johnstone.
  • BAŞARAN, B. (1997), Reinterpreting American missionary presence in the Ottoman empire: American schools and the evolution of Ottoman educational policies (1820-1908) (unpublished master's thesis). Bilkent University, Turkey.
  • BENBASSA, E. -RODRIGUE, A. (2000), Sephardi Jewry: A history of the Judeo-Spanish community, 14th-20th centuries. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • BERKALBACHTEN, Ö. (1999), Translation and westernisation in Turkey (from the 1840s to the 1980s) (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Warwick, England.
  • BONAR, A. -M'CHEYNE, R. M. (1845), Narrative of a mission of inquiry to the Jews from the Church of Scotland in 1839. Philadelphia, PA: Presbyterian Board of Publication.
  • BUNIS, D. (1992), The language of the Sephardim: A historical overview. In H. Beinart (Ed.), Moreshet Sepharad: The Sephardi Legacy. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press-The Hebrew University, 399-422.
  • BUNIS, D. (2017), The lexicography of Sephardic Judaism. In Hanks, P. - Schryver, G. M. (Eds.), International handbook of modern lexis lexicography. Berlin / Heidelberg: Springer, 1-25.
  • BUNIS, D. -CHETRIT, J. -SAHIM, H. (2003), Jewish languages enter the modern era. In Simon, R. S. - Laskier, M. M. - Reguer, S. (Eds.), The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in modern times. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 113-141.
  • BÜRKI, Y. (2015), El estatus del judeoespañol en el Imperio otomano. In J. del Valle (Ed.), Historia política del español: La creación de una lengua. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 391-408.
  • BÜRKI, Y. -Sánchez, R. (2016), On verbal hygiene and linguistic mavens: Language ideologies in the Ottoman and the New York Judeo-Spanish press. In R. N. Bali (Ed.), Jewish journalism and press in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey. Istanbul: Libra, 13-80.
  • CIMELI, M. (2009), Encuentros literarios entre Asquenaz y Sefarad: La recepción en la literatura judeoespañola de la obra narrativa de os hermanos Philippson y de Marcus Lehmann (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Basel, Basel.
  • COLLINS, W. (1839), A course of lectures on the Jews: by ministers of the Established Church, in Glasgow. Glasgow, UK: William Collins / Edinburgh, UK: Oliver & Boyd; Wm. Whyte & co.; John Johnstone; Wm. Oliphant & son / Belfast, UK: Wm. M'Comb / Dublin, UK: Wm. Curry, Jun. & co. / London, UK: Whittaker & co.; Hamilton, Adams, & co.; Simpkin, Marshall & co.
  • DENNIS, J. S. (1902), Centennial survey of foreign missions. A statistical supplement to "Christian missions and social progress", being a conspectus of the achievements and results of Evangelical missions in all lands at the close of the nineteenth century. New York, NY / Chicago, USA / Toronto: Fleming H. Revell Company.
  • DOǦAN, M. A. (2014), Evangelizing "the Jews": Western missionaries and their encounters with the Sabbatean/Dönme community in the Ottoman Empire. International Journal of Turcologia, 9: 65-82.
  • GARCÍA MORENO, A. (2004), Relatos del pueblo ladinán: “Me’am Lo’ez” de Éxodo. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.
  • GARCÍA MORENO, A. (2013), ¿Ante el primer diccionario monolingüe judeoespañol? Sefarad, 73: 371-408.
  • GARCÍA MORENO, A. (2018), Poemas castellanos en textos sefardíes: ejemplos en La escalera a la anṿeźadura (Constantinopla 1853 y 1888). Sefarad, 78: 149-200.
  • GARCÍA MORENO, A. (2019), Los vocabularios de La Escalera (Constantinopla, 1888). Miscelánea de Estudios Árabes y Hebraicos: Sección hebreo, 68: 73-97.
  • GEERAERTS, D. (2008), Prototypes, stereotypes, and semantic norms. In Kristiansen, G. -Dirven, R. (Eds.), Cognitive Sociolinguistics: Language variation, cultural models, social systems. Berlin / New York, NY: Mouton de Gruyter, 21-44.
  • GIDNEY, W. T. (1909), The history of the London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews, from 1809 to 1908. London, UK: The London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews.
  • GRAHAM, W. (1854), The Jordan and the Rhine; or, the East and the West, being the result of five year's residence in Germany. London, UK: Partridge, Oakey, and co.
  • HASSÁN, I. (1978), Transcripción normalizada de textos judeoespañoles. Estudios Sefardíes, 1: 147-150.
  • HASSÁN, I. (2008), Sistemas gráficos del español sefardí. In I. Hassán et al. (coords.), Sefardíes: Literature y lengua de una nación dispersa. XV Curso de cultura hispanojudía y sefardí de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Cuenca: Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 119-144.
  • HERSCHELL, R. H. (1841), A brief sketch of the present state and future expectations of the Jews. London, UK: J. Unwin.
  • IRVINE, J. (2012), Language ideology. In Oxford Bibliographies. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • JOHNSTON, J. (1888), Report of the centenary conference on the Protestant missions of the world held in Exeter Hall (June 9th-19th) (Vol. I). London, UK: James Nisbet & co.
  • KIRSCHEN, B. (2018), Sociolinguistics of Judeo-Spanish. Language and Linguistics Compass, 12: 1-16.
  • KOVÁCS, Á. (2006), The history of the Free Church of Scotland's Mission to the Jews in Budapest and its impact on the Reformed Church of Hungary, 1841-1914. Frankfurt-am-Maim: Peter Lang.
  • KRISTIANSEN, G. (2001), Social an linguistic stereotyping: A cognitive approach to accents. Estudios Ingleses de la Universidad Complutense, 9: 129-145.
  • LAZAR, M. (1994), Apéndice: Ladinamientos aljamiados de la Biblia. In Hassán, I. -Berenguer, A. (Eds.), Actas del Simposio Internacional sobre la Biblia de Ferrara. Madrid: CSIC, 373-442.
  • LILLIE, J. (1846), The Jewish Chronicle, published under the direction of the American Society, for meliorating the condition of the Jews; and edited by John Lillie. New York, NY: Society's Office.
  • MARTÍN-GONZÁLEZ, D. (2019), Hidden vs. overt Protestant propaganda in an educational book in Judeo-Spanish: Alexander Thomson's Silabario (Constantinople, 1855). Caderno de Estudos Sefarditas, 21: 29-47.
  • MARTÍN-GONZÁLEZ, D. (2020a), Convergencias y divergencias lingüísticas con el judeoespañol castizo de un traductor nativo de inglés: El caso del Ele Toledot Bené Yisrael (Constantinopla, 1854 y 1886). Sefarad, 80: 267-296.
  • MARTÍN-GONZÁLEZ, D. (2020b), Retranslation and power: Attempts of conversion of Sephardic Jews in the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century by Scottish Protestant missionaries through retranslations from English texts. In Harmon, L. -Osuchowska, D. (Eds.), Translation and power. Berlin: Peter Lang, 69-77.
  • MASTERS, B. (2009), Jews. In Ágoston, G. -Masters, B. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. New York, NY: Facts on File, 300-303.
  • MCCAUL, A. (1838), The old paths; or, A comparison of the principles and doctrines of modern Judaism with the religion of Moses and the prophets. London, UK: London Society's Office.
  • MURRE-VAN DEN BERG, H. L. (2006), 'Simply by giving to them maccaroni. . . '. Anti-Roman Catholic polemics in early Protestant missions in the Middle East, 1820-1860. In Tamcke, M. -Marten, M. (Eds.), Christian witness between continuity and new beginnings. Münster: Lit. Verlag, 63-80.
  • NARVAJA DE ARNOUX, E. -Del Valle, J. (2010), Las representaciones ideológicas del lenguaje. Spanish in Context, 7:1-24.
  • PGAFCS (1852) = Proceedings of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland, held at Edinburgh, May 1852. Edinburgh, UK: John Greig & Son / Glasgow, UK: Glass and Duncan / London, UK: James Nisbet and co.
  • PGAFCS (1854) = Proceedings of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland, held at Edinburgh, May 1854. Edinburgh, UK: John Greig & Son / Glasgow, UK: Glass and Duncan / London, UK: James Nisbet and co.
  • PGAFCS (1856) = Proceedings of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland, held at Edinburgh, May 1856. Edinburgh, UK: John Greig & Son / London, UK: James Nisbet and co.
  • PIKKERT, P. (2006), Protestant missionaries to the Middle East: Ambassadors of Christ or culture? (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of South Africa, South Africa.
  • PUTNAM, H. (1975), Mind, language and reality. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • QUINTANA RODRÍGUEZ, A. (1999), Proceso de recastellanización del judesmo. In Borrás, J. T. -Sáenz Badillos, A. (Eds.), Jewish Studies at the turn of the Tweentieth century. Leiden / Boston, MA / Köln: Brill, 593-602.
  • RICHTER, J. (1910), A history of Protestant missions in the Near East. Edinburgh, UK / London, UK: Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier.
  • ROZEN, M. (2005), The Last Ottoman Century and Beyond: The Jews in Turkey and the Balkans 1808-1945(Vol. I.). Tel Aviv University: The Goldstein-Goren Diaspora Research Center.
  • ROZEN, M. (Ed.) (1996), The days of the Crescent: Chapters in the history of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University.
  • SEPHIHA, H. V. (2001), The instruction of Judeo-Spanish in Europe. Sophar, 19: 58-70.
  • SHAW, S. J. (1991). The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic. New York, NY: New York University Press.
  • SISMAN, C. (2015), Failed proselytizers or modernizers? Protestant missionaries among the Jews and Sabbateans/Dönmes in the Nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire. Middle Eastern Studies, 51: 932-949.
  • TEJIRIAN, E. H. -Simon, R. S. (2002), Conflict, conquest, and conversion: Two thousand years of Christian missions in the Middle East. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • THC (1846) = The Herald of the Churches 1846. Edinburgh: John Johnston; London: R. Groombridge and sons.
  • THFMRFCS (1872) = The Home and Foreign Missionary Record of the Free Church of Scotland, for 1872. Edinburgh, UK: Thomas Nelson and sons.
  • THFRFCS (1853) = The Home and Foreign Record of the Free Church of Scotland, August 1852-July 1853 (Vol. III. Old Series). Edinburgh, UK: James Nichol / London, UK: James Nisbet.
  • THFRFCS (1854) = The Home and Foreign Record of the Free Church of Scotland, August 1853-July 1854 (Vol. IV. Old Series). Edinburgh, UK: James Nichol / London, UK: James Nisbet.
  • THFRFCS (1855) = The Home and Foreign Record of the Free Church of Scotland, August 1854-July 1855 (Vol. V. Old Series). Edinburgh, UK: James Nichol / London, UK: James Nisbet.
  • THFRFCS (1857) = The Home and Foreign Record of the Free Church of Scotland, August 1856-July 1857 (Vol. I. New Series). Edinburgh, UK: James Nichol / London, UK: James Nisbet.
  • THOMPSON, A. E. (1902), A century of Jewish missions. Chicago, IL: Fleming H. Revell Company.
  • THOMSON, A. (1888), Ele Toledot Bené Yisrael. La escalera o lecciones progresiṿas en la ciencia y literatura, con los prefixos y sufixos de la lengua españolay la esplicación de la palaƀras nuevas al caƀo de las leecions. Con muchos graƀađos. Para el uśo de las escolas y familias de los yisralitas protestantes. Constantinople: A. H. Boyaciyan.
  • TMH (1836) = The Missionary Herald: Containing the Proceedings at large of the American Board of Commissioners for foreign Missions, with a general view of other benevolent operations, for the year 1836 (Vol. XXXII). Boston, MA: Crocker and Brewster.
  • TMH (1845) = The Missionary Herald: Containing the Proceedings at large of the American Board of Commissioners for foreign Missions, with a view of other benevolent operations, for the year 1845(Vol. XLI). Boston, MA: T. R. Marvin.
  • TMH (1851) = The Missionary Herald: The proceedings of the American Board of Commissioners for foreign missions, with a view of other benevolent operations, for the year 1851 (Vol. XLVII). Boston, MA: T. R. Marvin.
  • VAN DER LEEST, C. (2008), Conversion and conflict in Palestine. The missions of the Church Missionary Society and the Protestant Bishop Samuel Gobat (unpublished doctoral dissertation). Leiden University, Netherlands.
  • WOODCOK, W. J. (1849), Scripture Lands, being a visit to the scenes of the Bible. London, UK: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.