Colonial origins of inequality in Hispanic América?Some reflections based on new empirical evidence

Referencias bibliográficas

• Acemoglu D.; Johnson S., Robinson J. (2002): «Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution». Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117, pp. 1231–1294.
• A’Hearn B. A. (2003): «Anthropometric Evidence on Living Standards in Northern Italy, 1730-1860». The Journal of Economic History, 63(2), pp. 351–381.
• A’Hearn B. A., Komlos J. (2003): «Improvements in Maximum Likelihood Estimators of Truncated Normal Samples with Prior Knowledge of σ. A Simulation Based Study with Application to Historical Height Samples». Unpublished Working Paper, Germany, University of Munich.
• Allen R. C.; Bassino J. P.; Debin M.; Moll-Murata C., van Zanden J. L. (2007): «Wages, Prices, and Living Standards in China, 1738-1925: in comparison with Europe, Japan, and India». Discussion Paper Series no. 316. Oxford University, Department of Economics.
• Angeles L. (2007): «Income Inequality and Colonialism». European Economic Review, 51, pp. 1155–1176.
• Assadourian C. S. (1987): «La producción de la Mercancía Dinero en la Formación del Mercado Interno Colonial», in Florescano, E. (comp.), Ensayos Sobre el Desarrollo Económico de México y América Latina, 1500-1975. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, pp. 223–292.
• Austin G. (2008): «The ‘Reversal of Fortune’ Thesis and the Compression of History: Perspectives from African and Comparative Economic History». Journal of International Development, 20(8), pp. 996–1027.
• Baker M. J.; Brunnschweiler C. N., Bulte E. H. (2008): «Did History Breed Inequality? Endowments and Modern Income Distribution». Working Paper no. 08/86, CER-ETH, Zurich.
• Bakewell P. (1989): Mineros de la Montaña Roja. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
• Bakewell P. (2004): A History of Latin America. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
• Baskes J. (2005): «Colonial Institutions and Cross-Cultural Trade: Repartimiento Credit and Indigenous Production of Cochineal in Eighteenth-Century Oaxaca, Mexico». The Journal of Economic History, 65(1), pp. 186–210
• Bassino J. P., Ma D. (2005): «Japanese Unskilled Wages in International Perspective, 1741-1913». GPIH Working Paper no. 2.
• Baten J. (2001): «Climate, Grain Production, and Nutritional Status in Southern Germany During the XVIIIth Century». Journal of European Economic History, 30, pp. 9–47. 18686351
• Baten J.; Pelger I., Twrdek L. (2009 a): «The Anthropometric History of Argentina, Brazil and Peru during the 19th and Early 20th Century». Economics and Human Biology, 7, pp. 319–333.
• Baten J.; Reis J., Stolz Y. (2009 b): «The Biological Standard of Living in Portugal 1720-1980. When and Why did the Portuguese Become the Shortest in Europe?». Paper Presented at XVth World Economic History Congress-Session E6, Utrecht.
• Bilger B. (2004): «The Height Gap. Why Europeans Are Getting Taller and Taller and Americans Aren’t». The New Yorker, available at http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/04/05/040405fa_fact
• Brading D. A. (1983): Mineros y Comerciantes en el México Borbónico, 1763-1810. México: Fondo de Cultura Económico.
• Breschi M., Pozzi L. (eds) (2007): Salute, Malattia e Sopravvivenza in Italia Fra ‘800 e ‘900. Udine: Forum.
• Bruhn M., Gallego F. A. (2008): «Good, Bad, an Ugly Colonial Activities: Studying Development across the Americas». Policy Research Working Paper no. 4641, The World Bank.
• Bulmer-Thomas V. (1994): The Economic History of Latin America since Independence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Burzio H. F. (1956-1958): Diccionario de la Moneda Hispanoamericana, vol. 2. Santiago de Chile: Fondo Histórico y Bibliográfico José Toribio Medina.
• Carson S. A. (2005): «The Biological Standard of Living in 19th Century Mexico and the American West». Economics and Human Biology, 3, pp. 405–419.
• Carson S. A. (2007): «Mexican Body Mass Index Values in the late-19th-Century American West». Economics and Human Biology, 5, pp. 37–47.
• Challú A. (2009): «Agricultural Crisis and Biological Well-Being in Mexico, 1730-1835». Historia Agraria, 47(April 2009), pp. 21–44.
• Cinnirella F. (2008 a): «On the Road to Industrialization: Nutritional Status in Saxony, 1690-1850». Cliometrica, 2(3), pp. 229–257.
• Cinnirella F. (2008 b): «Optimist or Pessimists?: A Reconsideration of Nutritional Status in Britain, 1740-1865». European Review of Economic History, 12(3), pp. 325–354.
• Coatsworth J. H. (2005): «Structures, Endowments, and Institutions in the Economic History of Latin America». Latin American Research Review, 40(3), pp. 126–144.
• Coatsworth J. H. (2008): «Inequality, Institutions and Economic Growth in Latin America». Journal of Latin American Studies, 40, pp. 545–569.
• Dobado R. (2009): «Herencia Colonial y Desarrollo Económico en Iberoamérica: Una Crítica a la «Nueva Ortodoxia»», in E. Llopis and C. Marichal (eds), Obstáculos al Crecimiento Económico en Iberoamérica y España, 1790-1850. México-Madrid: Instituto José Luís Mora and Marcial Pons, pp. 253–291.
• Dobado R., Marrero G. (2010): «The Role of the Imperial State in the Mining-Led Growth of Bourbon Mexico's Economy». Forthcoming in The Economic History Review.
• Engerman S. L., Sokoloff K. L. (1994): «Factor Endowments: Institutions, and Differential Paths of Growth Among New World Economies: A View from Economic Historians of the United States». NBER Working Paper no. h0066.
• Engerman S. L., Sokoloff K. L. (2002): «Factor Endowments, Inequality, and Paths of Development Among New World Economics». NBER Working Paper no. w9259.
• Engerman S. L., Sokoloff K. L. (2005): «Colonialism, Inequality, and Long-Run Paths of Development». NBER Working Paper no. w11057.
• Florescano E. (1986): Precios Del Maíz y Crisis Agrícolas en México. México: Ediciones Era.
• Floud R.; Wachter K. W., Gregory A. (1990): Height, Health and History: Nutritional Status in the United Kingdom, 1750-1980. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Frankema E. H. P. (2009): Has Latin America Always Been Unequal? Leiden: Brill.
• Garavaglia J. C., Marchena J. (2005): América Latina de los Orígenes a la Independencia, vol. 2. Barcelona: Crítica.
• Garner R. L. (1985): «Price Trends in Eighteenth-Century Mexico». Hispanic American Historical Review, 65, pp. 292–295, reproduced in Van Young (1992), pp. 108–110.
• Garner R. L. (1992): «Precios y Salarios en México», in Johnson y Tandeter (comps), Economías coloniales. Precios y Salarios en América Latina, siglo XVIII. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, pp. 81–118.
• Heintel M.; Sandberg L. S., Steckel R. H. (1998): «Swedish Historical Heights Revisited: New Estimation Techniques and Results», in J. Komlos and J. Baten (eds), The Biological Standard of Living in Comparative Perspective. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, pp. 449–458.
• Heyberger L. (2005): La Révolution Des Corps. Strasbourg: Presses Universitaires de Strasbourg.
• Komlos J. (1989): Nutrition and Economic Development in the Eighteenth-Century Habsburg Monarchy: An Anthropometric History. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
• Komlos J. (1993): «The Secular Trend in the Biological in the United Kingdom». Economic History Review, 46(1), pp. 115–144.
• Komlos J. (2004): «How to (and How Not to) Analyze Deficient Height Samples». Historical Methods, 37(4), pp. 160–173.
• Komlos J. (2007): «On English Pygmies and Giants: The Physical Stature of English Youth in the late 19th and Early 19th Centuries». Research in Economic History, 25, pp. 149–168.
• Komlos J., Kim J. H. (1990): «Estimating Trends in Historical Heights». Historical Methods, 23, pp. 116–121.
• Komlos J.; Hau M., Bourguinat N. (2003): «An Anthropometric History of Early-Modern France». European Review of Economic History, 7, pp. 159–189.
• Komlos J., Baten J. (2004): «Looking Backward and Looking Forward». Social Science History, 28(2), pp. 191–210
• Ladd D. M. (1992): Génesis y Desarrollo de Una Huelga. Mexico: Alianza Editorial.
• López J. H., Perry G. (2008), «Inequality in Latin America: Determinants and Consequences». Policy Research Working Paper no. 4504. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
• López-Alonso M., Porras R. (2007): «Las Altas y Bajas Del Crecimiento Económico Mexicano», in R. Dobado, A. Gómez and G. Márquez (eds), México y España, Historias económicas semejantes?. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, pp. 651–672.
• Maddison A. (2009): Statistics on World Population, GDP and Per Capita GDP, 1-2006 AD, available at http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/
• Marchena J. (1992): Ejército y Milicias en el Mundo Colonial Americano. Colección Armas y América: Madrid, Ed. Mapfre.
• Margo R., Steckel R. H. (1983): «Heights of Native-Born Whites During the Antebellum Period». Journal of Economic History, 43(1), pp. 167–174.
• Márquez L.; McCaa R.; Storey R., Del Angel A. (2005): «Health and Nutrition in Pre-Hispanic Mesoamerica», in R. H. Steckel and J. C. Rose (eds), The Backbone of History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 307–338.
• Martínez-Carrión J. M. (2009): «La Historia Antropométrica y la historiografía iberoamericana». Historia Agraria, 47(April), pp. 3–10.
• Milanovic B.; Lindert P. H., Williamson J. G. (2008): «Ancient Inequality», revised (June) version of «Measuring Ancient Inequality». NBER Working Paper no. 13550.
• Miño Grijalva M. (2001): El Mundo Novohispano. Población, Ciudades y Economía, Siglos XVII y XVIII. México: El Colegio de México-Fondo de Cultura Económica.
• Mironov B. (2005): «The Burden of Grandeur: Physical and Economic Well-Being of the Russian Population in the Eighteenth century», in R. C. Allen, T. Bengtsson and M. Dribe (eds), Living Standards in the Past. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 255–277.
• Prados de la Escosura L. (2007 a): «Inequality and Poverty in Latin America. A Long-Run Exploration», in T. J. Hatton, K. H. O’Rourke and A. M. Taylor (eds), The New Comparative Economic History. Cambridge: The MIT Press, pp. 291–315.
• Prados de la Escosura L. (2007 b): «Lost Decades? Independence and Latin America's Falling Behind, 1820-1870». Working Papers in Economic History no. 07-18, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.
• Quiroz E. (2005): Entre el Lujo y la Subsistencia. Mercado, Abastecimiento y Precios de la Carne en la Ciudad de México, 1750-1812. México: El Colegio de México.
• Salvatore R. (1998): «Heights and Welfare in Late-Colonial and Post-Indepenence Argentina», in J. Komlos and J. Baten (eds), The Biological Standard of Living in Comparative Perspective. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, pp. 97–121.
• Salvatore R. D., Baten J. (1998): «A Most Difficult Case of Estimation: Argentinian Heights, 1770-1840», in Komlos and Baten (eds), The Biological Standard of Living in Comparative Perspective. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, pp. 90–96.
• Sánchez Santiró E. (2002): «Plata y Privilegios: el Real de Minas de Huautla, 1709-1821». Estudios de Historia Novohispana, 1, pp. 85–123.
• Sokoloff K. L., Villaflor G. (1982): «The Early Achievement of Modern Stature in America». Social Science history, 6(4), pp. 453–481.
• Steckel R. H. (1986): «A Peculiar Population: The Nutrition, Health, and Mortality of American Slaves from Childhood to Maturity». The Journal of Economic History, 46(3), pp. 721–741.
• Steckel R. H. (1995): «Stature and the Standard of Living». Journal of Economic Literature, 33(4), pp. 1903–1940.
• Steckel R. H. (2005): «Health and Nutrition in Pre-Columbian America: The Skeletal Evidence». The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, XXXVI(I), pp. 1–32.
• Steckel R. H. (2008): «Biological Measures of the Standard of Living». Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22(1), pp. 129–152.
• Steckel R. H. (2009): «Heights and Human Welfare: Recent Developments and New Directions». Explorations in Economic History, 46(1), pp. 1–23.
• Swann M. M. (1990): «Migration, Mobility, and the Mining Towns in Northern Mexico», in D. J. Robinson (ed.), Migration in Colonial Spanish America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 143–181.
• Tanck D. (1999): Pueblos de Indios y Educación en el México Colonial, 1750-1821. Mexico: El Colegio de México.
• Tanck D. (2005): Atlas Ilustrado de los Pueblos de Indios. Nueva España, 1800. Mexico: Fomento Cultural Banamex.
• Tandeter E. (1992): Coacción y Mercado. La Minería de la Plata en el Potosí Colonial, 1692-1826. Cuzco: Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos «Bartolomé de las Casas».
• Tandeter E. (1999): «Los Trabajadores Mineros y el Mercado», in M. Menegus (coord.), Dos Décadas de Investigación en Historia Económica Comparada en América Latina». Mexico: El Colegio de México, pp. 363–380.
• Velasco C. (1989): «Los Trabajadores Mineros en la Nueva España, 1750-1810», in E. Cardenas (comp.), Historia Económica de México. Mexico: FCE, pp. 563–589.
• von Humboldt A. (1822): Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain, 4 vols. London: Longman, Hurst.
• von Humboldt A. (1822:1991): Ensayo Político Sobre el Reino de Nueva España. México: Editorial Porrúa.
• von Mentz B. (1998): «Coyuntura minera y protesta campesina en el centro de Nueva España en el siglo XVIII», in I. Herrera (ed.), La Minería Mexicana de la Colonia al Siglo XX. Mexico: Instituto Mora.
• Williamson J. G. (1999): «Real Wage Inequality and Globalization in Latin America before 1940». Revista de Historia Económica, XVII(special issue), pp. 101–142.
• Williamson J. G. (2002): «Land, Labor, and Globalization in the Third World, 1870-1940». Journal of Economic History, 62(1), pp. 55–85.
• Williamson J. G. (2008): «History without Evidence: Latin America Inequality since 1491». Paper Presented at the Mini-Conference A Comparative Approach to Inequality and Development: Latin America and Europe, Madrid.
• Williamson J. G. (2009): «Five Centuries of Latin American Inequality». NBER Working Paper no. 15305.