Satisfaction with Life Scale in a representative sample of spanish adultsvalidation and normative data

  1. Vázquez Valverde, Carmelo 1
  2. Duque Sánchez, Almudena 1
  3. Hervás Torres, Gonzalo 1
  1. 1 Universidad Complutense de Madrid
    info

    Universidad Complutense de Madrid

    Madrid, España

    ROR 02p0gd045

Revista:
The Spanish Journal of Psychology

ISSN: 1138-7416

Año de publicación: 2013

Número: 16

Páginas: 1-15

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.1017/SJP.2013.82 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: The Spanish Journal of Psychology

Resumen

The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is a measure widely used to assess life satisfaction. This paper aims to test its psychometric properties, factor structure, and distribution scores across age, gender, education, and employment status. For this purpose, a representative sample of the Spanish population (N = 2,964) was used. Although analyses showed no significant differences across age or gender, participants with higher education level and those who held an occupation were more satisfied with their lives. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a unifactorial structure with significant correlations between the SWLS, and subjective happiness and social support. The internal consistency of the scale was .88. Thus, our results indicate that the Spanish version of the SWLS is a valid and reliable measure of life satisfaction within the Spanish context.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Anaby D., Jarus T., & Zumbo B. D. (2010). Psychometric evaluation of the Hebrew language version of the Satisfaction with life scale. Social Indicators Research, 96, 267-274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9476-z.
  • Arrindell W. A., Heesink J., & Feij J. A. (1999). The Satisfaction with life scale (SWLS): Appraisal with 1700 healthy young adults in The Netherlands. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 815-826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00180-9.
  • Arrindell W. A., Meeuwesen L., & Huyse F. J. (1991). The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS): Psychometric properties in a non-psychiatric medical outpatients sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 117-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(91)90094-R.
  • Atienza F. L., Balaguer I., & Garcia-Merita M. L. (2003). Satisfaction with Life Scale: Analysis of factorial invariance across sexes. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 1255-1260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00332-X.
  • Atienza F. L., Pons D., Balaguer I., & García-Merita M. L. (2000). Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida en adolescentes. [Psychometric properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale] Psicothema, 12, 331-336.
  • Bai X., Wu C., Zheng R., & Xiaopeng R. (2011). The psychometric evaluation of the Satisfaction with Life Scale using a nationally representative sample of China. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12, 183-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-010-9186-x.
  • Bellón J. A., Delgado A., Luna J., & Lardelli P. (1996). Validez y fiabilidad del Cuestionario de Apoyo Social Funcional Duke-UNC-11. [Validity and reliability of the Duke-UNC-11 Functional Social Support Questionnaire]. Atención Primaria, 18, 153-163.
  • Blais M. R., Vallerand R. J., Pelletier L. G., & Briere N. M. (1989). L'Echelle de satisfaction de vie: Validation Canadienne-Francaise du Satisfaction with life scale [French-Canadian validation of the satisfaction with life scale]. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 21, 210-223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0079854.
  • Bok D. (2010). The politics of happiness: What government can learn from the new research on well being. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Broadhead W. E., Gehlbach S. H., DeGruy F. V., & Kaplan B. H. (1988). The Duke-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire: Measurement of social support in family medicine patients. Medical Care, 26, 709-723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005650-198807000-00006.
  • Cabañero M. J., Richart M., Cabrero J., Orts M. I., Reig A., & Tosal B. (2004). Fiabilidad y validez de la escala de satisfacción con la vida de diener en una muestra de mujeres embarazadas y puérperas. [Reliability and validity of the satisfaction with life scale in a sample of pregnant and puerperal women] Psicothema, 16, 448-455.
  • Casas F., Coenders G., González M., Malo S., Bertran I., & Figuer C. (2011). Testing the relationship between parents' and their children's subjective well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13, 1031-1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-011-9305-3.
  • Casas F., Sarriera J. C., Abs D., Coenders G., Alfaro J., Saforcada E., & Tonon G. (2012). Subjective indicators of personal well-being among adolescents. Performance and results for different scales in Latin-language speaking countries: A contribution to the international debate. Child Indicators Research, 5, 1-28 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12187-011-9119-1.
  • Chico E. (2006). Personality dimensions and subjective well-being. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 9, 38-44.
  • Diener E., & Chan M. Y. (2011). Happy people live longer: Subjective well-being contributes to health and longevity. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3, 1-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01045.x.
  • Diener E., Emmons R., Larsen R. J., & Griffin S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901-13.
  • Diener E., & Gonzalez E. (2011). The validity of life satisfaction measures. Social Indicator Network News, 108, 1-5.
  • Diener E., Inglehart R., & Tay L. (2013). Theory and validity of life satisfaction measures. Social Indicators Research, 112, 497-527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0076-y.
  • Diener E., Kahneman D., Arora R., Harter J., & Tov W. (2009). Income's differential influence on judgments of life versus affective well-being. In E. Diener (Ed.), Assessing well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener (pp. 233-245). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
  • Diener E., Kahneman D., Tov W., & Arora R. (2010). Income's association with judgments of life versus feelings. In E. Diener, J. Helliwell, & D. Kahneman (Eds.), International differences in well-being (pp. 3-15). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Diener E., Lucas R. E., Schimmack U., & Helliwell J. F. (2009). Well-being for public policy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Diener E., Oishi S., & Lucas R. E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 403-425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145056.
  • Diener E., & Seligman M. E. P. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13, 81-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00415.
  • Extremera N., Salguero J. M., & Fernández-Berrocal P. (2011). Trait meta-mood and subjective happiness: A 7-week prospective study. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12, 509-517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-010-9233-7.
  • Glaesmer H., Grande G., Braehler E., & Roth M. (2011). The German version of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS): Psychometric properties, validity, and population-based norms. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27, 127-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000058.
  • Hervás G., & Vázquez C. (2006). La regulación afectiva: Modelos, investigación e implicaciones para la salud mental & física. [Emotion regulation: Models, research and implications for mental and physical health]. Revista de Psicología General & Aplicada, 59, 9-32.
  • Hu L., & Bentler P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.
  • Huebner E. S. (2001). Manual for the Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scale. Retrieved from http://artsandsciences.sc.edu/PSYC/pdfdocs/huebslssmanual.doc. University of South Carolina. Departament of Psychology.
  • Hultell D., & Gustavsson J. P. (2008). A psychometric evaluation of the satisfaction with Life scale in a Swedish nationwide sample of university students. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1070-1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.030.
  • Instituto Nacional de Estadística (2001). Population and Housing Census, 2001(updated 2006). Retrieved from http://www.ine.es/en/censo2001/infotec-en.htm. Madrid, Spain: Instituto Nacional de Estadística.
  • Instituto Nacional de Estadística (2006). Encuesta Nacional de Salud. [National Health Survey]. Retrieved from http://www.ine.es/metodologia/t15/ens-hog06.pdf. Madrid, Spain: Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo.
  • Kahneman D. (1989). Objective happiness. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz, (Eds.) Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 3-25). New York, NY: Russell Sage.
  • Kahneman D., Krueger A., Schkade D., Schwarz N., & Stone A. (2006). Would you be happier if you were richer? A focusing illusion. Science, 312, 1908-1910http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1129688.
  • Kahneman D., & Stone A. (2010). High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being. National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), 107, 16489-16493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011492107.
  • Lucas R. E., Diener E., & Suh E. (1996). Discriminant validity of well-being measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 616-628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.3.616.
  • Lyubomirsky S., King L. A., & Diener E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803-855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803.
  • Lyubomirsky S., & Lepper H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46, 137-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006824100041.
  • Lyubomirsky S., Tkach C., & DiMatteo M. R. (2006). What are the differences between happiness and self-esteem? Social Indicators Research, 78, 363-404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-005-0213-y.
  • McMahon D. M. (2006). Happiness: A history. New York, NY: Grove Press.
  • Meyer C., Rumpf H., Hapke U., & John U. (2004). Impact of psychiatric disorders in the general population: Satisfaction with life and the influence of comorbidity and disorder duration. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39, 435-441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-004-0755-3.
  • Oishi S. (2006). The concept of life satisfaction across cultures: An IRT analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 411-423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.02.002.
  • Pavot W., Diener E., Colvin C. R., & Sandvik E. (1991). Further validation of the Satisfaction with Life Scale: Evidence for the cross-method convergence of well-being. Social Indicators Research, 57, 149-161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5701-17.
  • Pavot W., & Diener E. (1993). The affective and cognitive contest of self reports measures of subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 28, 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01086714.
  • Pavot W., & Diener E. (2008). The Satisfaction with Life Scale and the emerging construct of life satisfaction. Journal of Positive Psychology, 3, 137-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760701756946.
  • Rahona J. J., Vergara S., Hervás G., & Vázquez C. (2012). Un análisis con Teoría de la Respuesta al Ítem de la escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS) en una muestra representativa de la población española.[Item Response Theory analysis of the Satisfaction with Life Scale in a representative sample of the Spanish population]. Manuscript in preparation.
  • Satorra A. & Bentler P. M. (1994). Corrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis. In A. von Eye & C. C. Clogg (Eds.) Latent variable analysis: Applications for developmental research (pp. 399-419). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Schimmack U., & Oishi S. (2005). The influence of chronically accessible and temporarily accessible information on life satisfaction judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 395-406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.395.
  • Schwarz N., & Strack F. (1999). Reports of subjective well-being: Judgmental processes and their methodological implications. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.) Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 61-84). New York, NY: Russell Sage.
  • Shin D. C., & Johnson D. M. (1978). Avowed happiness as an overall assessment of the quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 5, 475-492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00352944.
  • Stone A. A., Schwartz J. E., Broderick J. E., & Deaton A. (2010) A snapshot of the age distribution of psychological well-being in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), 107, 9985-9990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1003744107.
  • Swami V., & Chamorro-Premuzic T. (2009). Psychometric evaluation of the Malay satisfaction with life scale. Social Indicators Research, 92, 25-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9295-7.
  • Vázquez C. (2009). La ciencia del bienestar psicológico. [The science of well-being] In C. Vázquez & G. Hervás (Eds.), La ciencia del bienestar: Fundamentos de una psicología positiva. [The science of Well-Being: Foundations of positive psychology] (pp. 13-46). Madrid, Spain: Alianza Editorial.
  • Vázquez C., Rahona J. J., Gómez D., Caballero F. F., & Hervás G. (2012). A national representative study of the relative impact of physical and psychological problems on life satisfaction. Manuscript submitted for publication.
  • Veenhoven R. (1994). El estudio de la satisfacción con la vida. [The study of the satisfaction with life]. Intervención Psicosocial, 9, 87-116.
  • Vitterso J., Biswas-Diener R., & Diener E. (2005). The divergent meanings of life satisfaction: Item response modeling of the satisfaction with life scale in Greenland and Norway. Social Indicators Research, 74, 327-348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-004-4644-7.
  • Watson D., Clark L. A., & Tellegen A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063.
  • Westaway M. S., Maritz C., & Golele N. J. (2003). Empirical testing of the satisfaction with life scale: A South African pilot study. Psychological Reports, 92, 551-554. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/PR0.92.2.551-554.
  • Wild D., Grove A., Martin M., Eremenco S., McElroy S., Verjee-Lorenz A., & Erikson P. (2005). Principles of good practice for the translation and cultural adaptation process for patient-reported outcomes (PRO) measures: Report of the ISPOR Task Force for Translation and Cultural Adaptation. Value in Health, 8, 94-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4733.2005.04054.x.
  • Wu C. H., & Wu C. Y. (2008). Life satisfaction in persons with schizophrenia living in the community-validation of the satisfaction with life scale. Social Indicators Research, 85, 447-460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-007-9136-0.
  • Wu C. H., & Yao G. (2006). Analysis of factorial invariance across gender in the Taiwan version of the satisfaction with life scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 1259-1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.012.