Elementos estructurales de la red social, fuentes de apoyo funcional, reciprocidad, apoyo comunitario y depresión en personas mayores en Chile

  1. Gallardo Peralta, Lorena Patricia
  2. Sánchez Moreno, Esteban
  3. Arias Astray, Andrés
  4. Barrón López de Roda, Ana
Revista:
Anales de psicología

ISSN: 0212-9728 1695-2294

Año de publicación: 2015

Volumen: 31

Número: 3

Páginas: 1018-1029

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.6018/ANALESPS.31.3.172861 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR

Otras publicaciones en: Anales de psicología

Resumen

La asociación entre apoyo social y depresión en el caso de las personas mayores constituye un objeto de estudio de especial relevancia en sociedades con altas tasas de envejecimiento, como es el caso de Chile. La presente investigación se centra en el papel jugado por variables de carácter psicosociológico: tipo de apoyo en función de la fuente de procedencia, re-ciprocidad en el apoyo según tipo de apoyo y fuente de procedencia, y apo-yo comunitario. Se aplicaron escalas de depresión y apoyo social amplia-mente utilizadas en una muestra (n=493) de la región de Arica-Parinacota, en el Norte de Chile. Se realiza un análisis de regresión jerárquica y de ecua-ciones estructurales. Los resultados sugieren que el cónyuge y los hijos son las fuentes de apoyo relevantes para los síntomas de depresión, sobre todo en sus funciones instrumental y emocional. La reciprocidad en el apoyo es una variable fundamental para dar cuenta de la relación existente entre fuentes de apoyo social y depresión

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Altintas, E., Gallouj, K. y Guerrien, A. (2012). Social support, depression and self-esteem in older persons: cluster analysis results. Annales Medi-co-Psychologiques, 170, 256-262.
  • Alvarado, K.A., Temper, D.I., Bresler, C. y Thomas-Dobson, S. (1995). The relationship of religious variables to death depression and death anxiety. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 202-204.
  • Antonucci T.C. y Akiyama H. (1987). Social networks in adult life and a pre-liminary examination of the convoy model. Journal of Gerontology, 42, 519-527.
  • Antonucci, T.C. (1981). Frontiers in aging. Attachment and social support across the life-span. En A. Lee (Ed.), Frontiers in aging (pp. 43-62). Pull-man: Washington State University.
  • Antonucci, T.C., Fuhrer, R. y Dartigues, J. (1997). Social relations and de-pressive symptomatology in a sample of community-dwelling French older adults. Psychology and Aging, 12, 189-195.
  • Antonucci, T.C., Lansford, J.E. y Akiyama, H. (2001). Impact of positive and negative aspects of marital relationships and friendships on well-being of older adults. Applied Developmental Science, 5, 68-75.doi: 10.1207/S1532480XADS0502_2
  • Arechabala, M. C. y Miranda, C. (2002). Validación de una escala de apoyo social percibido en un grupo de adultos mayores adscritos a un progra-ma de hipertensión de la región Metropolitana. Ciencia y Enfermería, 8, 49-55. doi:10.4067/S0717-95532002000100007
  • Baker, F.M. y Espino D.V. (1997) A Spanish version of the Geriatric De-pression Scale in Mexican-American elders. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 21-25.
  • Barrera, M. (2000). Social support research in Community Psychology. En J. Rappaport y E. Seidman (Eds.), Handbook of Community Psychology (pp. 215-245). New York: Luwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
  • Barros, C. y Muñoz, M. (2003). Relaciones e intercambios familiares del adulto mayor. Perspectivas, 12, 23-30.
  • Barton, Y.A., Miller, L., Wickramaratne, Gameroff, M.J. and Weissman, M.M. (2013). Religious attendance and social adjustment as protective against depression: A 10-year prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 146, 53-57.doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.037
  • Beel-Bates, C.A., Ingersoll-Dayton, B. y Nelson, E. (2007). Deference as a form of reciprocity among residents in assisted living. Research on Aging, 29, 626-643.doi: 10.1177/0164027507305925
  • Brink, T.L., Yesavage, J.A., Lum O., Heersema, P.H., Adey, M. y Rose, T.L (1982). Screening tests for geriatric depression. Clinical Gerontology, 1, 37-43.
  • Brown, G.W. y Harris, T. (1978). Social origins of depression. A study of psychiatric disorder in women. London: Tavistock.
  • Bukov, A., Maas, I. y Lampert, T. (2002). Social participation in very old age: cross-sectional and longitudinal findings from BASE. Journal of Gerontol-ogy, Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57, 510-517.
  • Chao, S.F. (2011). Assessing social support and depressive symptoms in older Chinese Adults: a longitudinal perspective. Aging Mental Health, 15(6), 765–774.doi: 10.1080/13607863.2011.562182
  • Chappell, N.L. y Funk, L.M. (2011). Social support, Caregiving, and Aging. Canadian Journal on Aging, 30, 355-70.doi: 10.1017/S0714980811000316
  • Choi, N.G. y McDougall, G. (2009). Unmet needs and depressive symptoms among low-income older adults. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 52, 567-583. doi: 10.1080/01634370802609270
  • Chou, K.L. y Chi, I. (2003). Reciprocal relationship between social support and depressive symptoms among Chinese elderly. Aging and Mental Health, 7, 224-231.
  • Cohen, S. y McKay, G. (1984). Social support, stress, and the buffering hy-pothesis: A theoretical analysis. In A. Baum, S.E. Taylor, y J.E. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of psychology and health. Vol. 4. Social psychological aspects of health (253-267). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Cohen, S. y Wills, T.A. (1985). Stress, social support and the buffering hy-pothesis: A theoretical analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310-357.
  • Cruza-Guet, M.C. (2008). A longitudinal analysis of the relationship between social support and psychological distress among Hispanic elders in Mi-ami, Florida. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences. Lehigh University. (MSTAR_869825227; 2011-99070-463).
  • Cutrona, C., Russell, D. y Rose, J. (1986). Social support and adaptation to stress by the elderly. Psychology and Aging, 1, 47-54.
  • Dean, A., Kolody, B. y Wood, P. (1990). Effects of social support from var-ious sources on depression in elderly persons. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 31, 148-161.
  • Díaz Veiga, P. (1987). Evaluación del apoyo social. En R. Fernández-Ballesteros (Ed.), El ambiente. Análisis psicológico (pp. 125-149). Madrid: Pirámide.
  • Feng, D., Ji, L. y Xu, L. (2014). Mediating effect of social support on the association between functional disability and psychological distress in older adults in rural China: Does age make a difference? PLoS ONE, 9(6), e100945.doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100945
  • Fernández-Ballesteros, R. (2000). Gerontología social. Madrid: Pirámide.
  • Fiori, K.L., Antonucci, T.C. y Cortina K.S. (2006). Social network typologies and mental health among older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 61(1), 25–32.
  • Fowler, K., Wareham-Fowler, S. y Barnes, C. (2013). Social context and de-pression severity and duration in Canadian men and women: exploring the influence of social support and sense of community belongingness. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, E85-E96.doi: 10.1111/jasp.12050
  • George, L.K., Kinghorn, W.A., Koenig, H.G., Gammon, P. y Blazer, D.G. (2013). Why gerontologists should care about empirical research on re-ligion and health: Transdisciplinary perspectives. The Gerontologist, 53, 898-906.doi: 10.1093/geront/gnt002
  • González-Celis, A.L. y Gómez Benito, J. (2013). Spirituality and quality of life and its effect on depression in older adults in Mexico. Pychology, 4, 178-182.doi: 10.4236/psych.2013.43027
  • Gracia, E. y Herrero, J. (2004). Personal and situational determinants of rela-tionship-specific perceptions of social support. Social Behavior and Perso-nality, 32, 459-476.
  • Gracia, E. y Herrero, J. (2006). La comunidad como fuente de apoyo social: Evaluación e implicaciones en los ámbitos individual y comunitario. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 38, 327-342.
  • Gracia, E. y Musitu, G. (1990). Integración y participación en la comunidad: una conceptualización empírica del apoyo social comunitario. Psicología Comunitaria. Valencia: NAU Llibres.
  • Gracia, E., Herrero, J. y Musitu, G. (2002). Evaluación de recursos y estresores psicosociales en la comunidad. Madrid: Síntesis.
  • Harpham, T., Grant, E. y Thomas, E. (2002). Measuring social capital within health surveys: Key issues. Health Policy and Planning, 17, 106-111.doi: 10.1093/heapol/17.1.106
  • Herrera, M.S. y Kornfeld, R. (2008). Relaciones familiares y bienestar de los adultos mayores en Chile. Expansiva, 131, 1-15.
  • Herrera, M.S., Barros, C. y Fernández, M.B. (2011). Predictors of Quality of Life in Old Age: A Multivariate Study in Chile. Journal of Population Ageing, 4, 121-139.doi: 10.1007/s12062-011-9043-7
  • Herrera, M.S., Rojas, M., Campos, F. y Fernández, B. (2013). Encuesta Nacio-nal de calidad de vida en la vejez 2013. Servicio Nacional de Adultos Mayo-res: Santiago de Chile.
  • Herrero, J. y Gracia, E. (2007). Measuring perceived community support: Factorial structure, longitudinal invariance, and predictive validity of the PCSQ (Perceived Community Support Questionnaire). Journal of Com-munity Psychology, 35, 197-217.doi: 10.1002/jcop.20143
  • House, J.S., Umberson, D. y Landis, K.R. (1988). Structures and processes of social support. Annual Review of Sociology, 14, 293-318.
  • Hoyl, T., Valenzuela, E. y Marín, P.P. (2000). Depresión en el adulto mayor: evaluación preliminar de la efectividad, como instrumento de tamizaje, de la versión de 5 items de la Escala de depresión Geriátrica. Revista Mé-dica de Chile, 128, 1199-1204.
  • Kahn, R.L. y Antonucci, T.C. (1984). Social supports of the elderly: Family, friends, professionals (Publication No. AG01632). Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Aging.
  • Kline, R.B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Nueva York: Guilford.
  • von dem Knesebeck, O., Dragano, N., Moebus, S., Jöckel, K.H., Erbel, R. y Siegrist, J. (2009). Stressful experiences in social relationships and ill health. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, medizinische Psychologie, 59(5): 186–193. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1067421
  • Koizumiy, Y., Awata, S., Kuriyama, S., Ohmori, K., Hozawa, A., Seki, T., … Tsuji, I. (2005). Association between social support and depression status in the elderly: Results of a 1-year community-based prospective cohort study in Japan. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 59, 563-569.doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2005.01415.x
  • Larsson, K. y Silverstein, M. (2004). The effects of marital and parental status on informal support and service utilization: A study of older Swedes living alone. Journal of Aging Studies, 18, 231-244.doi: 10.1016/j.jaging.2004.01.001
  • Li, H., Morrow-Howell, N., Proctor, E. y Rubin, E. (2013). Social support resources and post-acute recovery for older adults with major depres-sion. Community Mental Health Journal, 49 (4), 419–426.doi: 10.1007/s10597-012-9567-1
  • Liang, J., Krause, N.M. y Bennett, J.M. (2001). Social exchange and well-being: Is giving better than receiving? Psychology and Aging, 16, 511-523.
  • Lin, N. (1986). Conceptualizing social support. En N. Lin, A. Dean y W. Ensel (Eds.). Social support, life events, and depression (pp. 17-30). Nueva York: Academic Press.
  • Litwin, H. (2011). The association between social network relationships and depressive symptoms among older Americans: what matters most? International Psychogeriatrics, 23(6), 930–940. doi: 10.1017/S1041610211000251
  • Luppa, M., Luck, T., Köning, H.H., Angermeyer, M.C. y Riedel-Heller, S.G. (2012). Natural course of depressive symptoms in late life. An 8-year population-based prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 142, 166–171.doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.009
  • Mackean, R. y Abbott-Chapman, J. (2012). Older people's perceived health and wellbeing: The contribution of peer-run community-based organizations. Health Sociology Review, 21, 47-57.
  • Mair, C., Diez-Roux, A.V. y Morenoff, J.D. (2010). Neighborhood stressors and social support as predictors of depressive symptoms in the Chicago Community Adult Health Study. Health & Place, 16, 811-819.doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.04.006
  • Marcil-Gratton, N. y Légaré, J. (1992). Will reduced fertility lead to greater isolation in old age for tomorrow's elderly? Canadian Journal on Aging, 11, 54-71.
  • Mardia, K.V. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57, 519-530.
  • McLaughlin, D., Leung, J., Pachana, N., Flicker, L., Hankey, G. y Dobson, A. (2012). Social support and subsequent disability: it is not the size of your network that counts. Age and Ageing, 41 (5), 674–677.doi: 10.1093/ageing/afs036
  • Moos, R.H., Brennan, P.L., Schutte, K.K. y Moos, B.S. (2010). Social and financial resources and high-risk alcohol consumption among older adults. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 34, 646-654. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01133.x
  • von Mühlenbrock, F., Gómez, R., González, M., Rojas, A., Vargas, L. y von Mühlenbrock, C. (2011). Prevalencia de Depresión en pacientes mayo-res de 60 años hospitalizados en el Servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital Militar de Santiago. Revista chilena de neuropsiquiatría, 4, 331-337. doi: 10.4067/S0717-92272011000400004
  • Murrell, S.A., Norris, F.H. y Chipley, Q.T. (1992). Functional versus structural social support, desirable events, and positive affect in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 7, 562-570.
  • Newcomb, M.D. (1990). Social support and personal characteristics: a developmental and interactional perspective. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 54-68.
  • Okabayashi, H., Liang, J., Krause, N., Akiyama, H. y Sugisawa, H. (2004). Mental health among older adults in Japan: Do sources of social support and negative interaction make a difference? Social Science y Medicine, 59, 2259-2270.doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.02.024
  • Park, N.S., Jang, Y.T., Lee, B.S., Ko, J.E. y Chiriboga, D.A. (2014). The im-pact of social resources on depressive symptoms in racially and ethnically diverse older adults: Variations by groups with differing health risks. Research on Aging, 36, 322-342.doi: 10.1177/0164027513486991
  • Peters, G.R., Hoyt, D.R., Babchuk, N., Kaiser, M. y Iijima, Y. (1987). Primary-group support systems of the aged. Research on Aging, 9, 392-416.
  • Quinn, W.H., Hughston, G.A. y Hunter, D.J. (1984). Preservation of independence through nonformal support systems: Implications and promise. En W.H. Quinn y G.A. Hughston (Eds.), Independent aging: family and social systems perspectives (pp. 215-237). Tumbridge Wells: Aspen Systems Corporation.
  • Robitaille, A., Orpana, H. y McIntosh, C.N. (2012). Reciprocal relationship between social support and psychological distress among a national sample of older adults: An autoregressive cross-lagged model. Canadian Journal on Aging, 31, 13-24.doi: 10.1017/S0714980811000560
  • Roth, S., Lee, K.H. y Yoon, D.P. (2013). General well-being of Korean im-migrant elders: The significance of religiousness/spirituality and social support. Journal of Social Service Research, 39, 483-497.doi: 10.1080/01488376.2012.709451
  • Rushing, N.C., Corsentino, E., Hames, J.L., Sach-Ericsson, N. y Steffens, D.C. (2013). The relationship of religious involvement indicators and social support to current and past suicidality among depressed older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 17, 366-374.doi: 10.1080/13607863.2012.738414
  • Sánchez, E. y Barrón, A. (2003). Social psychology of mental health. The social structure and personality perspective. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 6, 3-11.doi: 10.1017/S1138741600005163
  • Schwarzbach, M., Luppa, M., Forstmeier, S., König, H. y Riedel-Heller, S.G. (2014). Social relations and depression in late life – a systematic review. International Journal of Psychiatry, 29, 1-21.doi: 10.1002/gps.3971
  • Shaw, B.A., Krause, N., Liang, J. y Bennett, J. (2007). Tracking changes in social relations throughout late life. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B: Psychological Sciencies and Social Sciences, 62, 90-99.
  • Sternthal, M.J., Williams, D.R., Musick, M.A. y Buck, A.C. (2010). Depres-sion, anxiety, and religious life: A search for mediators. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51 (3), 343-359. doi: 10.1177/0022146510378237
  • Thoits, P.A. (1983). Multiple identities and psychological well-being: A re-formulation and test of the social isolation hypothesis. American Sociological Review, 48, 174-187.
  • Thoits, P.A. (1995). Stress, coping, and social support processes: Where are we? What are next?. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, Extra Issue, 53-79.
  • Thoits, P.A. (2011). Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. Journal of Health y Social Behavior, 52, 145-161. doi: 10.1177/0022146510395592
  • Vanderhorst, R.K. y McLaren, S. (2005). Social relationships as predictors of depression and suicidal ideation in older adults. Aging and Mental Health, 9, 517-525.
  • Vera, P., Buela, G. y Zych, I. (2010). Chilean experimental version of the state- trait depression questionnaire (ST-DEP): State subscale (S-DEP). Psychological Reports, 1, 65-77.
  • Yoon, D.P. (2008). Factors affecting subjective well-being for rural elderly individuals the importance of spirituality, religiousness, and social support. Journal of Religion and Spirituality in Social Work, 25, 59-75. doi: 10.1300/J377v25n02_04