How Spain and California adapt to Sea Level Rise

  1. García Fernández, Cristina
Revista:
Nómadas: Critical Journal of Social and Juridical Sciences

ISSN: 1578-6730

Año de publicación: 2017

Número: 50

Páginas: 275-297

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.5209/NOMA.54680 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: Nómadas: Critical Journal of Social and Juridical Sciences

Resumen

In this article we summarize the main sea level rise impacts and measures that are already taking place in Spain and California. Both are Mediterranean Regions and share many climate change impacts. We will focus on the most relevant sea level rise adaptation measures already being adopted in both areas of study and show how the institutions that have the responsibility for coastal protection and climate adaptation are facing the sea level rise (SLR) issue. Both, Spain and California, have developed a Strategy on Sea Level Rise Adaptation and both are working hard to implement newer and more sustainable measures to adapt to near future climate change impacts from SLR. First we will describe the main vulnerabilities of each Region facing SLR and present the Institutions in charge of coastal management. Second, we will determine the similarities and differences from SLR impacts in both areas. Finally, we will analyze the adaptation strategies that the coastal institutions are implementing and discuss a mechanism that would help to include all these in a joint effort to support design and implementation of adaptation efforts.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • California Climate Change Center, 2009: California Energy Commission Public Interest Energy Research Climate Change Program.
  • California Natural Resources Agency (CNRA), 2009: California Climate Adaptation Strategy.
  • California Natural Resources Agency (CNRA), 2014: Safeguarding California: Reducing Climate Risks: An update to the 2009 Adaptation Strategy.
  • California Emergency Management Agency (CEMA) and CNRA, 2012: California Adaptation Planning Guide.
  • Cal OES, 2013: State of California Multi‐Hazard Mitigation Plan. California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services.
  • CAT, California Climate Action Team, 2014: California Climate Change Research Plan.
  • Church, J.A; White, N.J; Konikow, L.F; Domingues, C.M ; Rignot, J.M. Gregory, M.R. van den Broeke, A.J. Monaghan, I. Velicogna, 2011: Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008 Geophys. Res. Lett., 38 (2011).
  • Church, J.A; Clark, P.U; Cazenave, A; Gregory, J.M; Jevrejeva, S; Levermann, A. Merrifield, MA; G.A. Milne, R.S. Nerem, P.D. Nunn, A.J. Payne, W.T. Pfeffer, D. Stammer, A.S. Unnikrishnan (2013): Sea-level rise by 2100. Science, 342 (6165) (2013), p. 1445-1445.
  • COM(2009) 147/4. Adapting to climate change: Towards a European framework for action. White Paper. Brussels.
  • CO-CAT, 2013: The Coastal and Ocean Resources Working Group for the Climate Action Team. State Of California Sea-Level Rise Guidance Document, with science support provided by the Ocean Protection Council’s Science Advisory Team and the California Ocean Science Trust March 2013 update
  • Crossett, K. ; Culliton, T.J. ; Wiley, P. , and Goodspeed, T.R. , 2004: Population Trends Along the Coastal United States, 1980–2008. Silver Spring, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 47P.
  • European Communities, 2009: The economics of climate change adaptation in EU coastal areas, Summary report.
  • European Commission, 2013: The EU Strategy on adaptation to climate change.
  • Gutierrez, M and Gutierrez, F. (Eds)., 2014: Landscapres and Landforms in Spain. University of Zaragoza. Ed. Springer.
  • Hallegatte, S., 2012: A framework to investigate the economic growth impact of sea level rise. Environ. Res. Lett., 7 (1) (2012)
  • Hallegatte, C. Green, R.J. Nicholls, J. Corfee-Morlot., 2013: Future flood losses in major coastal cities. Nat. Clim. Chang., 3 (9) (2013), pp. 802–806
  • Hinkel, J; Klein, R.J.T., 2009: Integrating knowledge to assess coastal vulnerability to sea-level rise: the development of the DIVA tool. Glob. Environ. Chang. Hum. Policy Div., 19 (3) (2009), pp. 384–395.
  • Hinkel, J; R.J. Nicholls, A.T. Vafeidis, R.S.J. Tol, T. Avagianou., 2010: Assessing risk of and adaptation to sea-level rise in the European Union: an application of DIVA. Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Chang., 15 (7) (2010), pp. 703–719
  • Hinkel, J; S. Brown, L. Exner, R.J. Nicholls, A.T: Vafeidis, A.S. Kebede., 2012. Sea-level rise impacts on Africa and the effects of mitigation and adaptation: an application of DIVA. Reg. Environ. Chang., 12 (1) (2012), pp. 207–224.
  • IPCC, 2014. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
  • Kemp, A.C; Horton B.P; Donnelly, J.P; Mann, M.E; Vermeer, M; Rahmstorf, S., 2011: Climate related sea-level variations over the past two millennia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 108 (27) (2011), pp. 11017–11022.
  • Losada,I., MAGRAMA, 2004. Efectos en la costa española por efectos del cambio climático.
  • Losada, I.J., Izaguirre, C., Díaz, P., 2014: Cambio climático en la costa española. Oficina Española de Cambio Climático, Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, Madrid.
  • McGranahan, G ; Balk, D. , and Anderson, B. , 2007: The rising tide: assessing the risks of climate change and human settlements in low elevation coastal zones.Environment & Urbanization, 19(1), 17–37. [CrossRef].
  • MAGRAMA, 2015a: Estudio Ambiental Estratégico Para La Evaluación Ambiental De La Estrategia De Adaptación Al Cambio Climático De La Costa Española. Dirección General De Sostenibilidad De La Costa Y Del Mar.
  • MAGRAMA, 2015b: Estrategia De Adaptación Al Cambio Climático De La Costa Española.
  • Milne, G.A; Gehrels, W.R; Hughes, C.W; Tamisiea, M.E, 2009: Identifying the causes of sea-level change. Nat. Geosci., 2 (7) 2009.
  • Mimura, 2013: Sea-level rise caused by climate change and its implications for society. Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci., 89 (7) (2013), pp. 281–301.
  • National Research Council (NRC), 2012: Sea level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon and Washington: Past, Present and Future. The National Adad-emies Press, Washington, DC.
  • Natural Resources Agency (NRA), 2014: Safeguarding California: Reducing Climate Risk, An update to the 2009 California Climate Adaptation Strategy.
  • Nicholls, R.J., 2010: Impacts and responses to sea-level rise. In: Church, J.A. , Woodworth, P.L. , Aarup, T. , and Wilson, W.S. (eds.), Sea-level Rise and Variability.Chichester, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell, pP. 17–43.
  • Nicholls, R.J; Cazenave, A., 2010: Sea-level rise and its impact on coastal zones. Science, 328 (5985) (2010), pp. 1517–1520
  • Nicholls, R.J., 2011: Planning for the impacts of sea level rise. Oceanography, 24 (2) (2011), pp. 144–157.
  • Oficina Española de Cambio Climático (OECC), 2006: Plan Nacional de Adaptacion al Cambio Climatico (PNACC).
  • OECC, 2015: La Estrategia de Adaptación de la Costa a los Efectos del Cambio Climático. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente (MAGRAMA). Madrid, 133 pág.
  • Russell, N and Griggs, G., 2012: Adapting to Sea Level Rise: A Guide for California’s Coastal Communities. University of California Santa Cruz.
  • Sainz de Murieta, E., 2016: Environmental and Economic impacts of Sea-Level rise on the Basque Coast. Doctoral Thesis. Universidad del País Vasco.
  • Sea Grant, University of Southern California, 2013: Sea level Rise vulnerability Study for the City of Los Angeles.
  • Werner, A. D. and Simmons, C. T. (2009): Impact of Sea-Level Rise on Sea Water Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers. Ground Water, 47: 197–204. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00535.x.
  • Williams, S.J. and Gutierrez, B.T., 2009: Sea-level rise and coastal change: Causes and implications for the future of coasts and low-lying regions. Shore and Beach, 77(4), 13–21.
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet