A cognitive-based approach to President Obama’s educational discourse through the lens of his State of the Union Addresses (2009-2016)

  1. Victoria Martín de la Rosa
  2. Luis Miguel Lázaro
Journal:
Ibérica: Revista de la Asociación Europea de Lenguas para Fines Específicos ( AELFE )

ISSN: 1139-7241

Year of publication: 2017

Issue: 33

Pages: 191-212

Type: Article

More publications in: Ibérica: Revista de la Asociación Europea de Lenguas para Fines Específicos ( AELFE )

Abstract

In order to gain a cultural understanding of the discourse on education used by President Obama, this article examines the source domains commonly used to refer to education in his State of the Union Addresses, from the time he took office in 2009 to 2016 when he will leave office. The study will proceed by applying insights from Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), within the field of cognitive linguistics, supplemented by the Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) developed by the Pragglejazz Group. The source domains identified and discussed are: COMPETITION and ECONOMICS. In fact, the strong coherence in Obama’s speeches relies on the use of the story of competition as the concept that is repeated in and across speeches and that works as a persuasive device by framing reality and directing the audience’s thinking, perception and even action

Bibliographic References

  • Al-Zahrani, A. (2008). “Darwin’s metaphors revisited: Conceptual metaphors, conceptual blends, and idealized cognitive models in the theory of evolution”. Metaphor and Symbol 23: 50-82.
  • Ball, S.J. (2007). Education plc. Understanding private sector participation in public sector education. London: Routledge.
  • Berliner, D.C., G.V. Glass et al. (2014). 50 Myths and Lies That Threaten America’s Public Schools: The Real Crisis in Education. New York: Teachers College Press.
  • Campbell, K. & K. Jamieson (2008). Presidents Creating the Presidency: Deeds Done in Words. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Charteris-Black, J. (2004). Corpus Approaches to Critical Metaphor Analysis. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Charteris-Black, J. (2011). Politicians and Rhetoric: The Persuasive Power of Metaphor. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Cohen, J.E. (2012). The President’s Legislative Policy Agenda, 1789-2002. New York: Cambridge
  • College Board (2014). 2014 College Board Program Results: SAT. New York, NY. The College Board. URL: https://www.collegeboard.org/program-results/2014/sat [02/20/2015]
  • Cortés de los Ríos, Mª.E. (2010). “Cognitive devices to communicate the economic crisis: An analysis through cover in The Economist”. Ibérica 20: 81-106.
  • Cossentino, J. (2004). Talking About a Revolution. The Languages of Educational Reform. Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • Counts, G.S. (1930). The American Road to Culture. A Social Interpretation of Education in the United States. New York: The John Day Company.
  • Cuban, L. (2013). Swiss Cheese Argument for School Reform: Add Another Hole. URL: http://larrycuban.wordpress.com/2013/03/22/swiss-cheese-argument-for-school-reform-add-another-hole/ [04/15/2015].
  • Darling-Hammond, L. (2010). The Flat World and Education. How America’s Commitment to Equity Will Determine Our Future. New York: Teachers College Press.
  • De Landtsheer, C. (2009). “Collecting political meaning from the count of metaphor” in A. Mussolf (ed.), Metaphor and Discourse, 59-78. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • DiPerna, P. (2014). 2014 Schooling in America Survey. Perspectives on School Choice, Common Core, and Standardized Testing. Polling Paper No. 20. Indianapolis in The Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice. URL: http://www.edchoice.org/CMSModules/EdChoice/FileLibrary/1057/2014-Schooling-in-America-Survey.pdf [02/20/2015]
  • Gibbs, R. (1994). The Poetics of Mind. Figurative Thought, Language and Understanding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gibbs, R. (2011). “Evaluating conceptual metaphor theory”. Discourse Processes 48: 529-562.
  • Giroux, H. & M. Schmidt (2004). “Closing the achievement gap: A metaphor for children left behind”. Journal of Educational Change 5: 207-211.
  • Goatly, A. (2007). Washing the Brain. Metaphor and Hidden Ideology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Goldstein, D. (2014). The Teacher Wars: A History of America’s Most Embattled Profession. New York: Doubleday.
  • Hanushek, E.A. & L. Wößmann (2007). The Role of School Improvement in Economic Development. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4122. Washington: World Bank. URL: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/7154/wps4122.pdf [05/06/2015]
  • Herrera, S.H. & M. White (eds.) (2012) Metaphor and Mills: Figurative Language in Business and Economics. Berlin; Boston: De Mouton Gruyter.
  • Howe, N. (1988). “Metaphor in contemporary American political discourse”. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 3: 87-104.
  • IES/NCES (2014). Results for 2013 NAEP Mathematics and Reading Assessments. The Natio’s Report Card. Institute of Education Sciences/National Center for Education Statistics. URL: http://www.nationsreportcard.gov/reading_math_2013/#/executive-summary and http://www.nationsreportcard.gov/reading_math_2013/#/ [03/15/2015]
  • Johnson, M. (1987). The Body in the Mind. The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination and Reason. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Kövecses, Z. (2002). Metaphor. A Practical Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Kövecses, Z. (2005). Metaphor in Culture. Universality and Variation. Cambridge: Cambridge
  • Lakoff, G. (1987). Women, Fire and Dangerous Things. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Lakoff, G. (1993). “The contemporary theory of metaphor” in A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought, 202-251. Cambridge: Cambridge
  • Lakoff, G. (2006). Thinking Points. Communicating our American Values and Vision. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
  • Lakoff, G. & M. Johnson (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Lakoff, G. & M. Turner (1989). More Than Cool Reason. A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Lakoff, G. & M. Johnson (1999). Philosophy in the Flesh. The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought. New York: Basic Books.
  • Lakoff, G. & E. Wehling (2012). The Little Blue Book: The Essential Guide to Thinking and Talking Democratic. New York: Free Press.
  • Maranto, R. & M.Q. McShane (2012). President Obama and Education Reform: The Personal and the Political. New York: Palgrave-MacMillan.
  • Miller, S.I. & M. Fredericks (1990). “Perceptions of the crisis in American public education: The relationship of metaphors to ideology”. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 5: 67-81.
  • Nelkin, D. (2001). “Molecular metaphors: The gene in popular discourse”. Nature Reviews Genetics 2: 555-559.
  • Nerlich, B. (2004). “War on foot and mouth disease in the UK, 2001: Towards a cultural understanding of agriculture”. Agriculture and Human Values 21: 15-25.
  • OECD (2011). Lessons from PISA for the United States. Strong performers and successful reformers in education. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • OECD (2014). PISA 2012 Results: What Students Know and Can Do – Student Performance in Mathematics, Reading and Science, Volume I, Revised edition, February 2014. Paris: PISA, OECD Publishing.
  • Pragglejaz Group (2007). “MIP: A method for identifying metaphorically used words in discourse”. Metaphor and Symbol 22: 1-39.
  • Ravitch, D. (2010). The Death and Life of the Great American School System. How Testing and Choice Are Undermining Education. New York: Basic Books.
  • Ravitch, D. (2013). Reign of Error. The Hoax of the Privatization Movement and the Danger to America’s Public Schools. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Ritchie, D. (2003). “ARGUMENT IS WAR Or is it a game of chess? Multiple meanings in the analysis of implicit metaphors”. Metaphor and Symbol 18: 125-146.
  • Semino, E. (2008). Metaphor in Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Shogan, C.J. (2015). The President’s State of the Union Address: Tradition, Function, and Policy Implications. Washington: Congressional Research Service, 7-5700. URL: https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40132.pdf [05/12/2015]
  • Steen, G. (2008). “The paradox of metaphor: Why we need a three-dimensional model of metaphor”. Metaphor and Symbol 23: 213-241.
  • Steen, G. (2011). “Metaphor, language, and discourse processes”. Discourse Processes 48: 585-591.
  • Thompson, S. (1996). “Politics without metaphor is like a fish without water” in S.J. Mio and A.N. Katz (eds.), Metaphor: Implications and Applications, 185-201. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • U.S. Department of Education (2016): “College affordability and completion: Ensuring a pathway to opportunity”. URL: http://www.ed.gov/college [05/15/2016].