Validation and Normalization of the Tower of London-Drexel University Test 2nd Edition in an Adult Population with Intellectual Disability

  1. Javier García-Alba
  2. Susanna Esteba-Castillo
  3. Emili Rodriguez Hidalgo
  4. Rodríguez Hidalgo, Emili
  5. Ribas Vidal, Nuria
  6. Moldenhauer Díaz, Fernando
  7. Novell, Ramón
Revista:
The Spanish Journal of Psychology

ISSN: 1138-7416

Año de publicación: 2017

Volumen: 20

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.1017/SJP.2017.30 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: The Spanish Journal of Psychology

Resumen

Despite how important it is to assess executive functioning in persons with Intellectual Disability (ID), instruments adapted and validated for this population are scarce. This study’s primary goal was to find evidence for the validity of the ID version of the Tower of London (TOLDXtm) test in persons with mild (IDMi) and moderate (IDMo) levels of ID with Down Syndrome (DS). A multicenter study was carried out. Subjects (n = 63, ≥ 39 years old) had DS with mild (n = 39) or moderate ID (n = 24) with no minor neurocognitive disorder or Alzheimer’s disease. Assessment protocol: TOLDXtm for ID, Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test Second Edition (K-BIT II), Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of Older People with Down’s Syndrome and Others with Intellectual Disabilities (CAMDEX-DS), Weigl’s Color-Form Sorting Test (WCFST), Barcelona Test for Intellectual Disability (BT-ID), and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF-P). The internal consistency (IDMi and IDMo), factor structure of the different subscales, and relationship between TOLDXtm subscales and other cognitive measures (BT-ID, WCFST, and BRIEF-P) were analyzed. A normative data table with ID population quartiles is provided. TOLDXtm for ID showed a robust one factor structure and coherentassociations with other, related neuropsychological instruments. Significant differences between IDMi and IDMo on movement-related variables like Correct (Corr; p = .002) and Moves (Mov; p = .042) were observed, along with good internal consistency values, Corr (α = .75), Mov (α = .52). Regarding internal consistency, no between-groups differences were observed (all p-value > 0.05). The TOLDXtm for ID is thus an instrument, supported by good validity evidence, to evaluate problem-solving and planning in ID. It distinguishes between individuals with mild and moderate ID, and is highly associated with other measures of executive functioning.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Ball S., Holland A., Treppner P., Watson P., & Huppert F. (2008). Executive dysfunction and its association with personality and behaviour changes in the development of Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome and mild to moderate learning disabilities. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1348/ 014466507X230967
  • Berg W. K., & Byrd D. L. (2002). The Tower of London spatial problem-solving task: Enhancing clinical and research implementation. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 586–604. https://doi. org/10.1076/jcen.24.5.586.1006
  • Cockburn J. (1995). Performance on the Tower of London test after severe head injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 1, 537–544. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/S1355617700000667
  • Culbertson W. C., Moberg P. J., Duda J. E., Stern M. B., & Weintraub D. (2004). Assessing the executive function deficits of patients with Parkinson’s disease: Utility of the Tower of London-Drexel. Assessment, 11, 27–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191103258590
  • Culbertson W., & Zillmer E. (2001). The Tower of LondonDrexel University. Chicago, IL: Multi-Health Systems.
  • Davydov D. M., & Polunina A. G. (2004). Heroin abusers’ performance on the Tower of London Test relates to the baseline EEG alpha2 mean frequency shifts. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 7, 1143–1152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.06.006
  • Esteba-Castillo S., Dalmau-Bueno A., Ribas-Vidal N., Vilà-Alsina M., Novell-Alsina R., & García-Alba J. (2013). Adaptación y validación del Cambrigde Examination for Mental Disorders of Older People with Down’s Syndrome and Others with Intellectual Disabilities (CAMDEX) en población adulta con discapacidad intelectual [Adaptation and validation of the Cambrigde Examination for Mental Disorders of Older People with Down’s Syndrome and Others with Intellectual Disabilities (CAMDEX) in an adult population with intellectual disability]. Revista de Neurología, 57, 337–346.
  • Esteba-Castillo S., & García-Alba J. (2015). Neuropsicología de la discapacidad intelectual [The neuropsychology of intellectual disability]. In A. Enseñat, T. Roig, & A. García, Neuropsicología pediátrica (pp. 163–188). Madrid, Spain: Síntesis.
  • Esteba-Castillo S., Novell R., Vilá A., & Ribas N. (2014). CAMDEX-DS. Prueba de Exploración Cambridge para la Valoración de los Trastornos Mentales en Adultos con Síndrome de Down o con Discapacidad Intelectual [Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of Adults with Down’s Syndrome and Others with Intellectual Disabilities]. Madrid, Spain: TEA Ediciones.
  • Esteba-Castillo S., Caixas A., Deus J., & Peña-Casanova J. (2015). Neuropsicología del trastorno del desarrollo intelectual con y sin origen genético [The neuropsychology of intellectual disability with and without genetic cause]. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. Barcelona, Spain.
  • Feldt L. S., Woodruff D. J., & Salih F. A. (1987). Statistical inference for coefficient alpha. Applied Psychological Measurement, 11(1), 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 014662168701100107
  • Gioia G. A., Isquith P. K., Guy S. C., & Kenworthy L. (2000). Behavior rating inventory of executive function. Child Neuropsychology, 6, 235–238. https://doi.org/ 10.1076/chin.6.3.235.3152
  • Gioia G. A., Isquith P. K., Guy S. C., & Kenworthy L. (2016, October). Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Funtion (BRIEF). North Florida, FL: PARINC. Retrieved from http://www4.parinc.com/Products/Product.aspx? ProductID=BRIEF
  • Goldstein K., & Scheerer M. (1941). Abstract and concrete behavior an experimental study with special tests. Psychological Monographs, 53, i–151. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/h0093487
  • Hartman E., Wouwen S., Scherder E., & Visscher C. (2010). On the relationship between motor performance and executive functioning in children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54, 468–477. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01284.x
  • Hobson P., Meara J., & Taylor C. (2007). The Weigl Colour-Form Sorting Test: A quick and easily administered bedside screen for dementia and executive dysfunction. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22, 909–915. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1765
  • Jacobs R., & Anderson V. (2002). Planning and problem solving skills following focal frontal brain lesions in childhood: Analysis using the Tower of London. Child Neuropsychology, 8, 93–106. https://doi.org/10.1076/ chin.8.2.93.8726
  • Kaufman A., & Kaufman N. (2004). Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Second Edition (KBIT-2). Bloomington, MN: Pearson.
  • Kotovsky K., Hayes J. R., & Simon H. A. (1985). Why are some problems hard? Evidence from Tower of Hanoi. Cognitive Psychology, 17, 248–294. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/0010-0285(85)90009-X
  • Masson J. D., Dagnan D., & Evans J. (2010). Adaptation and validation of the Tower of London test of planning and problem solving in people with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54, 457–467. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01280.x
  • Medina-Gómez M. B., & García-Alonso I. (2010). Evaluación de la conducta adaptativa de las personas con discapacidad intelectual. Valoración y usos de la escala ABS-RC:2 [Assessment of adaptive behavior in people with intellectual disability. Evaluation and uses of the ABS-RC2 scale]. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain.
  • Moore C. J., Daly E. M., Schmitz N., Tassone F., Tysoe C., Hagerman R. J., … Murphy D. G. M. (2004). A neuropsychological investigation of male premutation carriers of fragile X syndrome. Neuropsychologia, 42, 1934–1947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia. 2004.05.002
  • Nieuwenhuis-Mark R. E. (2009). Diagnosing Alzheimer’s dementia in Down syndrome: Problems and possible solutions. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30, 827–838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2009.01.010
  • Nihira K., Leland H., & Lambert N. (1993). Adaptive Behavior Scale: Residential and Community (ABS-RC:2). Austin, TX: Pro-ed.
  • Owen A. M., Downes J. J., Sahakian B. J., Polkey C. E., & Robbins T. W. (1990). Planning and spatial working memory following frontal lobe lesions in man. Neuropsychologia, 28, 1021–1034. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/0028-3932(90)90137-D
  • Paula J. J., Neves F., Levy A., Nassif E., & Malloy-Diniz L. (2012). Assessing planning skills and executive functions in the elderly: Preliminary normative data for the Tower of London Test. Archivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 70, 828–829. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2012001000015
  • Peña-Casanova J., Quiñones-Ubeda S., Gramunt-Fombuena N., Quintana M., Aguilar M., Molinuevo J. L., … Blesa R. (2009). Spanish multicenter normative studies (NEURONORMA Project): Norms for the Stroop color-word interference test and the Tower of London-Drexel. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 24, 413–429.
  • Rainville C., Amieva H., Lafont S., Dartigues J. F., Orgogozo J. M., & Fabrigoule C. (2002). Executive function deficits in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer’s type: A study with a Tower of London task. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17, 513–530. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/17.6.513
  • Robinson S., Goddard L., Dritschel B., Wisley M., & Howlin P. (2009). Executive functions in children with autism spectrum disorders. Brain and Cognition, 71, 362–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2009.06.007
  • Rognoni T., Casals-Coll M., Sánchez-Benavides G., Quintana M., Manero R., Calvo L., … Peña-Casanova J. (2013). Spanish normative studies in young adults (NEURONORMA young adults project): Norms for Stroop Color-Word Interference and Tower of London-Drexel University tests. Neurologia, 28, 73–80. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.nrleng.2012.02.004
  • Shallice T. (1982). Specific impairments of planning. Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society, 298, 199–209. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1982.0082
  • Strauss H., & Lewin I. (1982). An empirical study of the Weigl-Goldstein-Scheerer color-form test according to a developmental frame of reference. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 367–375. https://doi.org/10.1002/10974679(198204)38:2<367::aid-jclp2270380226>3.0.co;2–9
  • Teipel S. J., Alexander G. E., Schapiro M. B., Möller H. J., Rapoport S. I., & Hampel H. (2004). Age-related cortical grey matter reductions in non-demented Down’s syndrome adults determined by MRI with voxel-based morphometry. Brain, 127, 811–824. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/brain/awh101
  • Tirapu J., García A., Luna P., & Periañez J. (2012). Evaluación de las funciones ejecutivas [Executive functions assessment]. In J. Tirapu, A. García, M. Rios, & A. Árdila (Eds.), Neuropsicología de la corteza prefrontal y las funciones ejecutivas (pp. 197–216). Barcelona, Spain: Viguera.
  • Tirapu-Ustárroz J., Muñoz-Céspedes J., Pelegrín-Valero C., & Albéniz-Ferreras A. (2005). A proposal for a protocol for use in the evaluation of the executive functions. Revista de Neurología, 41, 177–186.
  • Unterrainer J. M., Rahm B., Leonhart R., Ruff C. C., & Halsband U. (2003). The Tower of London: The impact of instructions, cueing, and learning on planning abilities. Cognitive Brain Research, 17, 675–683. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0926-6410(03)00191-5
  • Walley R. M., & Donaldson M. D. C. (2005). An investigation of executive function abilities in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 613–625. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1365-2788.2005.00717.x
  • Zhu Y., Liu X., Wang H., Jiang T., Fang Y., Hu H., … Zhang K. (2010). Reduced prefrontal activation during Tower of London in first-episode schizophrenia: A multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy study. Neuroscience Letters, 478, 136–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet. 2010.05.003
  • Zigman W. B., & Lott I. T. (2007). Alzheimer’s disease in Down syndrome: Neurobiology and risk. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Review, 13, 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrdd.20163
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet