Age-related differences in the phenomenal characteristics of long-term memories of March 11, 2004 terrorist attack

  1. Rocío Vallet 1
  2. Antonio L. Manzanero 1
  3. Javier Aróztegui 1
  4. Rubén García Zurdo 1
  1. 1 Universidad Complutense de Madrid, España
Revista:
Anuario de psicología jurídica

ISSN: 1133-0740

Año de publicación: 2017

Número: 27

Páginas: 85-93

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.1016/J.APJ.2017.03.002 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR

Otras publicaciones en: Anuario de psicología jurídica

Resumen

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar las diferencias, relacionadas con la edad, en las características fenomenológicas del recuerdo a largo plazo de los atentados que tuvieron lugar en Madrid (España) el 11 de marzo de 2004. Participaron 196 personas: 92 con una media de 9.60 años y 104 con una media de 39.41 años en el momento del suceso. Para evaluar su recuerdo real del suceso doce años después, se utilizó el Cuestionario sobre Características Fenomenológicas de Recuerdos Autobiográficos (CCFRA). Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos respecto a la calidad del recuerdo, su accesibilidad y las emociones asociadas al suceso. Los resultados fueron también representados utilizando gráficos de visualización hiperdimensional, apoyando la idea de que el recuerdo de hechos a largo plazo tiene patrones distintos dependiendo de la edad de la persona en el momento del suceso. Solo el recuerdo de las personas de mayor edad cumpliría criterios suficientes para generar recuerdos vívidos, mientras que en el caso de los más jóvenes no parece generarse este tipo de memoria. Las personas más jóvenes son probablemente menos capaces de evaluar las consecuencias de un suceso, lo que provocará una menor activación emocional y una forma distinta de elaborar la información del suceso, en comparación con personas de mayor edad.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Azarian, A., Lipsitt, L., Miller, T., Skriptchenko-Gregorian, V., Toddlers remember quake trauma. Williams, L., Baynard, V., (eds.) Trauma and memory, 1999, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, 299–310.
  • Barton, A., Valdés, J.J., Hybrid unsupervised/supervised virtual reality spaces for visualizing gastric and liver cancer databases: An evolutionary computation approach. An, A., Matwin, S., Raś, Z.W., Ślęzak, D., (eds.) Foundations of Intelligent Systems, 2008, Springer, Berlin, 256–261.
  • Bohn, A., Bernsten, D., Pleasantness bias in flashbulb memories: Positive and negative flashbulb memories of the fall of the Berlin Wall among East and West Germans. Memory and Cognition 35 (2007), 565–577, 10.3758/BF03193295.
  • Bourbaki, N., Topological vector spaces. 1987, Springer, Berlin.
  • Brewer, W.F., What is autobiographical memory?. Rubin, D.C., (eds.) Autobiographical Memory, 1986, Cambridge University Press, New York, 25–49.
  • Brown, R., Kulik, J., Flashbulb memories. Cognition 5 (1977), 73–99, 10.1016/0010-0277(77)90018-X.
  • Buja, A., Swayne, D.F., Littman, M., Dean, N., Hofmann, H., Chen, L., Data Visualization with Multidimensional Scaling. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 17 (2008), 444–472, 10.1198/106186008X318440.
  • Burgess, A.W., Hartman, C.R., Baker, T., Memory presentations of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 33:9 (1995), 9–16 http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0279-3695-19950901-04.
  • Byrne, C.A., Hyman, I.E., Scott, K.L., Comparisons of memories for traumatic events and other experiences. Applied Cognitive Psychology 15 (2001), 119–133, 10.1002/acp.837.
  • Cohen, G., Conway, M.A., Maylor, E.A., Flashbulb Memories in Older Adults. Psychology and Aging 9 (1994), 454–463, 10.1037/08827974.9.3.454.
  • Comblain, C., D'Argembeau, A., Van der Linden, M., Phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories for emotional and neutral events in older and younger adults. Experimental Aging Research 31 (2005), 173–189, 10.1080/03610730590915010.
  • Conway, M.A., Anderson, S.J., Larsen, S.F., Donnelly, C.M., McDaniel, M.A., McClelland, A.G., Logie, R.H., The formation of flashbulb memories. Memory & Cognition 22 (1994), 326–343, 10.3758/BF03200860.
  • Conway, A.R., Skitka, L.J., Hemmerich, J.A., Kershaw, T.C., Flashbulb memory for 11 September 2001. Applied Cognitive Psychology 23 (2009), 605–623, 10.1002/acp.1497.
  • Cox, T.F., Cox, M.A.A., Multidimensional scaling. 2nd ed., 2001, Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
  • Crawley, S., French, C., Field and observer viewpoint in remember-know memories of personal childhood events. Memory 13 (2005), 673–681, 10.1080/09658210444000296.
  • Curci, A., Lanciano, T., Maddalena, C., Mastandrea, S., Sartori, G., Flashbulb memories of the Pope's resignation: Explicit and implicit measures across differing religious groups. Memory 23 (2015), 529–544, 10.1080/09658211.2014.908923.
  • Curci, A., Luminet, O., Follow-up of a cross-national comparison on flashbulb and event memory for the September 11th attacks. Memory 14 (2006), 329–344, 10.1080/09658210500340816.
  • Curci, A., Luminet, O., Flashbulb Memories for expected events: A Test of the Emotional-Integrative Model. Applied Cognitive Psychology 23 (2009), 98–114, 10.1002/acp.1444.
  • D'Argembeau, A., Comblain, C., Van der Linden, M., Phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories for positive, negative, and neutral events. Applied Cognitive Psychology 17 (2003), 281–294 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.856.
  • Denver, J.Y., Lane, S.M., Cherry, K.E., Recent versus remote: Flashbulb memory for 9/11 and self-selected events from the reminiscence bump. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development 70 (2010), 275–297, 10.2190/AG.70.4.a.
  • Er, N., A new flashbulb memory model applied to the Marmara earthquake. Applied Cognitive Psychology 17 (2003), 503–517, 10.1002/acp.870.
  • Finkenauer, C., Luminet, O., Gisle, L., El-Ahmadi, A., Van Der Linden, M., Philippot, P., Flashbulb memories and the underlying mechanisms of their formation: Toward an emotional-integrative model. Memory & Cognition 26 (1998), 516–531, 10.3758/BF03201160.
  • Gordon, B.N., Baker-Ward, L., Ornstein, P.A., Children's testimony: A review of research on memory for past experiences. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 4 (2001), 157–181 http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011333231621.
  • Hirst, W., Phelps, E.A., Meksin, R., Vaidya, C.J., Johnson, M.K., Mitchell, K.J., Mather, M., A Ten-Year Follow-Up of a Study of Memory for the Attack of September 11 2001 Flashbulb Memories and Memories for Flashbulb Events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 144 (2015), 604–623, 10.1037/xge0000055.
  • Johnson, M.K., Hashtroudi, S., Lindsay, D.S., Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin 114 (1993), 3–28, 10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.3.
  • Kensinger, E.A., Krendl, A.C., Corkin, S., Memories of an emotional and a nonemotional event: Effects of aging and delay interval. Experimental Aging Research 32 (2006), 23–45, 10.1080/01 902140500325031.
  • Kensinger, E.A., O'Brien, J.L., Swanberg, K., Garoff-Eaton, R.J., Schacter, D.L., The effects of emotional content on reality-monitoring performance in young and older adults. Psychology and Aging 22 (2007), 752–764, 10.1037/0882-7974.22.4.752.
  • Kraha, A., Talarico, J.M., Boals, A., Unexpected positive events do not result in Flashbulb Memories. Applied Cognitive Psychology 28 (2014), 579–589, 10.1002/acp.3039.
  • Kvavilashvili, L., Mirani, J., Schlagman, S., Erskine, J.A., Kornbrot, D.E., Effects of age on phenomenology and consistency of flashbulb memories of September 11 and a staged control event. Psychology and Aging 25 (2010), 391–404, 10.1037/a0017532.</DOI.
  • Larsen, S.F., What is it like to remember? On phenomenal qualities of memory. Thompson, C.P., Herrmann, D.J., Bruce, D., Reed, J.D., Payne, D.G., Toglia, M.P., (eds.) Autobiographical memory: Theoretical and applied perspectives, 1998, Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, 163–190.
  • Lee, P.J., Brown, N.R., Delay related changes in personal memories for September 11 2001. Applied Cognitive Psychology 17 (2003), 1007–1015, 10.1002/acp.982.
  • Luminet, O., Curci, A., The 9/11 attacks inside and outside the US: testing four models of flashbulb memory formation across groups and the specific effects of social identity. Memory 17 (2009), 742–759, 10.1080/09658210903081827.
  • Luminet, O., Curci, A., Marsh, E.J., Wessel, I., Constantin, C., Gencoz, F., Yoko, M., The cognitive, emotional, and social impacts of the September 11 attacks: Group differences in memory for the reception context and the determinants of flashbulb memory. The Journal of General Psychology 13 (2004), 197–224, 10.3200/GENP.131.3.197-224.
  • Manzanero, A.L., El-Astal, S., Aróztegui, J., Implication degree and delay on recall of events: An experimental and HDV study. European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context 1 (2009), 183–203.
  • Manzanero, A.L., López, B., Características de los recuerdos autobiográficos sobre sucesos traumáticos [Characteristics of autobiographical memories about traumatic events]. Boletín de Psicología 90 (2007), 7–17.
  • Manzanero, A.L., López, B., Aróztegui, J., Underlying processes behind false perspective production. Anales de Psicología 32 (2016), 256–265, 10.6018/analesps.32.1.194461.</DOI.
  • Manzanero, A.L., López, B., Aróztegui, J., El-Astal, S., Autobiographical memories for negative and positive events in war contexts. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica 25 (2015), 57–64, 10.1016/j.apj. 2015.02.001.
  • Manzanero, A.L., Recio, M., El recuerdo de hechos traumáticos: exactitud, tipos y características. Cuadernos de Medicina Forense 18 (2012), 19–25, 10.4321/S1135-76062012000100003.
  • McCloskey, M., Wible, C.G., Cohen, N.J., Is there a special flashbulb-memory mechanism?. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 117 (1988), 171–181, 10.1037/0096-3445.117.2.171.
  • Muñoz, J.M., La evaluación psicológica forense del daño psíquico: propuesta de un protocolo de actuación pericial [Psychological forensic assessment of psychological damage: A proposal for an expert performance protocol]. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica 23 (2013), 61–69, 10.5093/aj2013a10.
  • Pezdek, K., Event memory and autobiographical memory for events of September 11 2001. Applied Cognitive Psychology 17 (2003), 1033–1045, 10.1002/acp.984.
  • Protter, M.H., Morrey, C.B. Jr., College Calculus with Analytic Geometry. 2nd ed., 1970, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
  • Robinson, J.A., Swanson, K.L., Field and observer modes of remembering. Memory 1 (1993), 169–184, 10.1080/09658219308258230.
  • Schmidt, S.R., Autobiographical memories for the September 11th attacks: Reconstructive errors and emotional impairment of memory. Memory & Cognition 32 (2004), 443–454, 10.3758/BF03195837.
  • Talarico, J.M., Rubin, D.C., Confidence, not consistency, characterizes flashbulb memories. Psychological Science 14 (2003), 455–461, 10.1111/1467-9280.02453.
  • Talarico, J.M., Rubin, D.C., Flashbulb memories are special after all; in phenomenology, not accuracy. Applied Cognitive Psychology 21 (2007), 557–578, 10.1002/acp.1293.
  • Tekcan, A.I., Ece, B., Gülgöz, S., Er, N., Autobiographical and event memory for 9/11: Changes across one year. Applied Cognitive Psychology 17 (2003), 1057–1066, 10.1002/acp.985.
  • Tekcan, A.İ., Peynircioğlu, Z.F., Effects of age on flashbulb memories. Psychology and Aging 17 (2002), 416–422, 10.1037//0882-7974.17.3.416.
  • Tinti, C., Schmidt, S., Testa, S., Levine, L.J., Distinct processes shape flashbulb and event memories. Memory and Cognition 42 (2014), 539–551, 10.3758/s13421-013-0383-9.
  • Tromp, S., Koss, M.P., Figueredo, A.J., Tharan, M., Are rape memories different?. A comparison of rape, other unpleasant, and pleasant memories among employed women. Journal of Traumatic Stress 8 (1995), 607–627, 10.1002/jts.2490080406.
  • Warren, A.R., Swartwood, J.N., Developmental issues in flashbulb memory research: Children recall the Challenger event. Winograd, E., Neisser, U., (eds.) Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of “flashbulb” memories (Emory symposia in cognition, 4), 1992, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 95–120.
  • Winograd, E., Killinger, W.A., Relating age at encoding in early childhood to adult recall: Development of Flashbulb Memories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 112 (1983), 413–422 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.112.3.413.
  • Wolters, G., Goudsmit, J., Flashbulb and Event Memory of September 11, 2001 Consistency, Confidence and Age Effects. Psychological Reports 96 (2005), 605–619, 10.2466/PR0.96.3.605-619.
  • Wright, D.B., Flashbulb memory methods. Luminet, O., Curci, A., (eds.) Flashbulb memories: New issues and new perspectives, 2009, Psychology Press, London, 33–50.
  • Wright, D.B., Gaskell, G.D., Flashbulb memories: Conceptual and methodological issues. Memory 3 (1995), 67–80, 10.1080/09658219508251497.
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet