Unemployment, self-esteem, and depressionDifferences between men and women

  1. José Luis Álvaro 1
  2. Alicia Garrido 1
  3. Cícero Roberto Pereira 2
  4. Ana Raquel Torres 2
  5. Sabrina Cavalcanti Barros 3
  1. 1 Universidad Complutense de Madrid
    info

    Universidad Complutense de Madrid

    Madrid, España

    ROR 02p0gd045

  2. 2 Universidade Federal da Paraíba
    info

    Universidade Federal da Paraíba

    João Pessoa, Brasil

    ROR https://ror.org/00p9vpz11

  3. 3 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
    info

    Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte

    Natal, Brasil

    ROR https://ror.org/04wn09761

Mostrar afiliacións +
Revista:
The Spanish Journal of Psychology

ISSN: 1138-7416

Ano de publicación: 2019

Número: 22

Páxinas: 1-9

Tipo: Artigo

DOI: 10.1017/SJP.2018.68 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso aberto editor

Outras publicacións en: The Spanish Journal of Psychology

Obxectivos de Desenvolvemento Sustentable

Resumo

Although there is a vast bibliography on the negative consequences of unemployment for mental health, there are no studies that analyze the differences between men and women in relation to the consequences that unemployment could have simultaneously on self-esteem and depression. The main objective of this study was to analyze whether, unemployment is differentially associated with the self-esteem of men and women, and to test whether this circumstance can be considered a psychological mechanism by which we could explain differences in depression for men and women. Results show that self-esteem is a mediating variable (indirect effect = .11; 90% CI [.04, .19]), considering its differential impact on depression, but this mediation is moderated by the gender of the respondents (b = .21, 90% IC [.01, .40]. In summary, unemployment is associated with lower self-esteem, which in turn is related to greater depressive symptoms. This relationship is only observed for men and not for women.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Artazcoz L., Benach J., Borrell C., & Cortès I. (2004). Unemployment and mental health: Understanding the interactions among gender, family roles and social class. American Journal of Public Health, 94(1), 82–88. http://doi. org/10.2105/AJPH.94.1.82
  • Álvaro J. L. (1992). Desempleo y bienestar psicológico [Unemployment and psychological well-being]. Madrid, Spain: Siglo Veintiuno.
  • Beck A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
  • Beck A. T., Rush J., Shaw B. F., & Emery G. (1983). Terapia cognitiva de la depresión [Cognitive therapy of depression]. Bilbao, Spain: Desclée De Brouwer.
  • Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. CIS. (2018). Barómetro de Septiembre: Avance de resultados n° 3223 [September’s barometer: Advance of results n° 3223]. Retrieved from CIS website http://datos.cis.es/pdf/ Es3223mar_A.pdf
  • Efron B. (1982). The jackknife, the bootstrap and other resampling plans. Philadelphia, PA: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
  • Ensminger M. E., & Celentano D. D. (1990). Gender differences in the effect of unemployment on psychological distress. Social Science & Medicine, 30(4), 469–477. https:// doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(90)90349-W
  • Eisenberg P., & Lazarsfeld P. F. (1938). The psychological effects of unemployment. Psychological Bulletin, 35(6), 358–390. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0063426
  • Faul F., Erdfelder E., Lang A., & Buchner A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi. org/10.3758/BF03193146
  • Feather N. T., & O’Brien G. E. (1986). A longitudinal study of the effects of employment and unemployment on schoolleavers. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 59(2), 121–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1986.tb00219.x
  • Flaquer L., & Escobedo A. (2014). Licencias parentales y política social de la paternidad en España [Parental leave and the social politics of fatherhood in Spain]. Cuadernos de Relaciones Laborales, 32(1), 69–99. https://doi.org/10.5209/ rev_CRLA.2014.v32.n1.44714
  • Frese M., & Mohr G. (1987). Prolonged unemployment and depression in older workers: a longitudinal study of intervening variables. Social Science & Medicine, 25(2), 173–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(87)90385-6
  • Gurney R. M. (1980). Does unemployment affect the selfesteem of school leavers? Australian Journal of Psychology, 32(3), 175–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049538008254687
  • Hartley J. (1980). The impact of unemployment upon the self-esteem of managers. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53(2), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1980. tb00019.x
  • Hayes A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Publications.
  • Instituto Nacional de Estadística. INE (2017). Encuesta de población activa-EPA. [Labour force survey] Madrid, Spain: Author. Retrieved from INE website http://www.ine.es
  • Jahoda M. (1982). Employment and unemployment. A sociopsychological analysis. Cambridge, UK. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge
  • Jahoda M., Lazarsfeld P. F., & Zeisel H. (1971). Marienthal: The sociography of an unemployed community. Chicago, IL: Aldine. (Original work published 1933)
  • Jones L. (1989). Effect of unemployment on women. Journal of Women and Social Work, 4(4), 54–67. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/088610998900400404
  • Judd C. M., McClelland G. H., & Culhane S. E. (1995). Data analysis: Continuing issues in the everyday analysis of psychological data. Annual Review of Psychology, 46(1), 433–465. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.002245
  • Kenny D. A., & Judd C. M. (2014). Power anomalies in testing mediation. Psychological Science,25(2), 334–339.
  • Kroll L. E, & Lampert T. (2011). Unemployment, social support and health problems Results of the GEDA study in Germany 2009. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 108(4), 47–52. https://doi.org/10.3238/ arztebl.2011.0047
  • Leana C. R., & Feldman D. C. (1991). Gender differences in responses to unemployment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 38(1), 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(91)90018-H
  • Leana C. R., & Feldman D. C. (1995). Finding new jobs after a plant closing: Antecedents and outcomes of the occurrence and quality of reemployment. Human Relations, 48(12), 1381–1401. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679504801201
  • Lee C., & Owens R. G. (2002). Issues for a psychology of men’s health. Journal of Health Psychology, 7(3), 209–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105302007003215
  • Leeflang R. L. I., Klein-Hesselink D. J., & Spruit I. P. (1992). Health effects of unemployment–II. Men and women. Social Science & Medicine, 34(4), 351–363. https://doi. org/10.1016/0277-9536(92)90295-2
  • McKee-Ryan F., Song Z., Wanberg C. R., & Kinicki A. J. (2005). Psychological and physical well-being during unemployment: A meta-analytic study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 53–76. https://doi.org/10.1037/ 0021-9010.90.1.53
  • Moreno A. (2015). De la familia de un sustentador económico a la familia de doble ingreso [From the family of an only economic supporter to the double income family]. In C. Torres (Ed.), España 2015: Situación social (pp. 315–320). Madrid, Spain: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas.
  • Muller D., Judd C. M., & Yzerbyt V. Y. (2005). When moderation is mediated and mediation is moderated. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(6), 852–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.852
  • Patton W., & Noller P. (1990). Adolescent self-concept: Effects of being employed, unemployed or returning to school. Australian Journal of Psychology, 42(3), 247–259.
  • Paul K. I., & Moser K. (2009). Unemployment impairs mental health: Meta-analyses. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74(3), 264–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2009.01.001
  • Rosenberg M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton.
  • Sanz J., & Vázquez C. (2011). Inventario de Depresión de Beck–II (BDI–II) [Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)]. Madrid, Spain: Pearson University Press.
  • Schmitt C. (2008). Gender-specific effects of unemployment on family formation: A cross-national perspective. (Discussion Papers 841, The German Socio-Economic Panel, [SOEP]). Berlin, Germany: Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung.
  • Stankunas M., Kalediene R., Starkuviene S., & Kapustinskiene V. (2006). Duration of unemployment and depression: A cross-sectional survey in Lithuania. BMC Public Health, 6, 174. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-6-174
  • Strandh M., Hammarström A., Nilsson K., Nordenmark M., & Russel H. (2013). Unemployment, gender and mental health: The role of the gender regime. Sociology of Health & Illness, 35(5), 649–665. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2012. 01517.x
  • Tajfel H., & Turner J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
  • Warr P., & Jackson R. (1983). Self-esteem and unemployment among young workers. Le Travail Human, 46(2), 355–366.
  • Waters I. E. & Moore K. A. (2002a). Predicting self-esteem during unemployment: The effect of gender, financial deprivation, alternate roles, and social support. Journal of Employment Counseling, 39(4), 171–189. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/j.2161-1920.2002.tb00848.x
  • Waters L. E., & Moore K. A. (2002b). Reducing latent deprivation during unemployment: The role of meaningful leisure activity. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 15–32. https://doi.org/ 10.1348/096317902167621
  • Wilson S. H., & Walker G. M. (1993). Unemployment and health: A review. Public Health, 107(3), 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3506(05)80436-6
Fonte de datos: Dialnet