Structural evolution of the El Salvador fault zonean evolving fault system within a volcanic arc

  1. Carolina Canora
  2. José J. Martínez-Díaz
  3. Pilar Villamor
  4. Alejandra Staller
  5. Kelvin Berryman
  6. Jose A. Álvarez-Gómez
  7. Ramón Capote
  8. Manuel Diaz
Journal:
Journal of iberian geology: an international publication of earth sciences

ISSN: 1886-7995 1698-6180

Year of publication: 2014

Volume: 40

Issue: 3

Pages: 471-488

Type: Article

DOI: 10.5209/REV_JIGE.2014.V40.N3.43559 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openOpen access editor

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Abstract

The El Salvador Fault Zone, firstly identified after the 13th February 2001 Mw 6.6 El Salvador earthquake, is a 150 km long, 20 km wide right-lateral strike-slip fault system. Ruptures along the ESFZ are thought to be responsible for most of the historical destructive earth-quakes along the El Salvador Volcanic Arc, as well as for most of the current seismicity of the area. In this work, we focus on the geological setting of the fault zone by describing its geomorphology and structure, using field-based observations, digital terrain modelling, and aerial photograph interpretation with the aim at contributing to the understanding of the ESFZ slip behaviour. In particular, we address the ESFZ structure, kinematics and evolution with time. The ESFZ is a complex set of traces divided in major rupture segments characterized by different geometry, kinematics and geomorphic expressions. Natural fault exposures and paleoseismic trenches excavated along the fault show that the strike-slip deformation is distributed in several planes. Both geometry and kinematics of the fault zone are consistent with a transtensional strain regime.The estimated geological slip rate for the main fault segments by paleoseismic trenches and displaced geomorphic features implies a deficit in velocity of the fault compared to the available GPS velocities data. The high vertical scarps of some fault segments would require Quaternary slip rates not coherent neither with measured GPS velocities nor with slip rates obtained from paleoseismic analysis. This mis-match suggests a pre-existing graben structure that would be inherited from the previous regional roll back related extensional stage. We consider that the ESFZ is using this relict structure to grow up along it. As a result, we propose a model for ESFZ development consistent with all these observations.