Overtourism in urban destinationsthe myth of smart solutions

  1. García Hernández, María 1
  2. Baidal, Josep Ivars 2
  3. Mendoza de Miguel, Sofía 1
  1. 1 Universidad Complutense de Madrid, España
  2. 2 Universidad de Alicante, España
Revista:
BAGE. Boletín de la Asociación Española de Geografía

ISSN: 0212-9426,  2605-3322

Ano de publicación: 2019

Número: 83

Tipo: Artigo

DOI: 10.21138/BAGE.2830 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Outras publicacións en: BAGE. Boletín de la Asociación Española de Geografía

Obxectivos de Desenvolvemento Sustentable

Resumo

The rapid increase in urban tourism flows generates problems of tourist overcrowding and gives rise to important challenges for city management. Within this context, urban tourism planning is experiencing a convergence of new paradigms related to the so-called Smart Tourist Destinations (SD). Smart tourism and its operational level open up new avenues for intervention in the city which can help to manage overtourism. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyse the level of implementation of smart solutions in four Spanish destinations: Donostia-San Sebastián, Madrid, Málaga and Valencia. The methodology used combines the compilation of information on initiatives and measures found in public tourism planning documents with semi-structured interviews with those responsible for managing the Smart City strategy and the SD project. The results reveal that there is a gap between the SD approaches, the level of implementation of smart solutions and their operability in relation to the management of tourist overload. Almost no technological solutions have been developed to address this issue, which is barely perceived as a problem by local governments. However, the need to generate knowledge that is useful for managing tourist overload constitutes a challenge faced by a growing number of destinations.

€ Ver financiamento

Información de financiamento

This section aims to offer an overview of technological/smart solutions and overtourism from a comparative perspective (Spanish cities that participate in publicly funded programmes and international experiences). It is also based on the analysis of secondary documentary sources: reports and publications of public bodies and different organisations, documents related to the projects financed in the two rounds of the Plan Nacional de Ciudades Inteligentes (National Smart Cities Plan) (2015–2017) and in the Plan Nacional de Territorios Inteligentes (National Smart Territories Plan) (2017–2020) in its “Smart Tourist Destinations” category and diagnostic reports and improvement plans of the municipalities involved in the “Smart Tourist Destinations” Programme (hereafter SD), promoted by SEGITTUR (a public body devoted to tourism technologies and innovation attached to the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Tourism).

Financiadores

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Accenture (2011). Building and managing an intelligent city. Accenture Management Consulting. Retrieved from https://www.fm-house.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Building-Managing-Intelligent-City.pdf
  • Almedia-García, F. (2018). Tourim phobia and Gentrification in Málaga (Spain). In Atlas Annual Conference 2018 Destinations Dynamics Abstract book (Pdf file). Retrieved from http://www.atlas-euro.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=N6P3VbnsWhw%3d&tabid=280&language=en-US Ajuntament de València (2013). Plan Estratégico Valencia Smart City 2013. Retrieved from https://www.lasnaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Pla-Estrat%C3%A8gic-Val%C3%A8ncia-Smart-City-2013.pdf
  • Ayuntamiento de Madrid (2014). Plan Estratégico Madrid Destino Resumen Ejecutivo. Retrieved from https://www.madrid-destino.com/sites/default/files/2018-05/Plan%20Estrat%C3%A9gico%20Turismo%202015-2019_Madrid%20Destino.pdf
  • Ayuntamiento de Málaga (2016). Plan Estratégico del Turismo de Málaga 2016–2020. Retrieved from https://ciedes.es/images/stories/Laura/PLAN_2020/2PLAN_ESTRATEGICO_TurismoMalaga.pdf
  • Ayuntamiento de Málaga (2018). Plan Estratégico de Innovación Tecnológica 2018—2022. Retrieved from http://malagasmart.malaga.eu/opencms/export/sites/msmart/.content/galerias/documentos/Plan_Estrategico_de_Innovacion_bajares.pdf
  • Boes, K., Buhalis, D., & Inversini, A. (2015). Conceptualising Smart Tourism Destination Dimensions. In Tussyadiah, I., and Inversini, A., (Eds.), ENTER 2015 Proceedings (pp. 391–404). Lugano, Springer-Verlag, Wien. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14343-9_29
  • Buhalis, D., & Amaranggana, A. (2013). Smart Tourism Destinations. In Z. Xiang & I. Tussyadiah (eds.), Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2014 (pp. 553–564). Cham: Springer International Publishing. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-03973-2_40
  • Blanco-Romero, A., Blázquez-Salom, M., & Cànoves, G. (2018). Barcelona, Housing Rent Bubble in a Tourist City. Social Responses and Local Policies. Sustainability, 10(6), 2043. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10062043
  • Calle Vaquero, M. de la, Ferreiro Calzada, E., & Mendoza de Miguel, S. (2018). Concentración y desconcentración de la actividad turística sobre el espacio urbano. Reflexiones en torno a Madrid. Polígonos. Revista de Geografía, 30, 143–170.
  • Camio Olaskoaga, M. (2016). Análisis de los beneficios y costes socio-culturales del turismo en la Parte Vieja de Donostia-San Sebastián (País Vasco), desde la perspectiva de sus residentes (Master Thesis, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain) (Unpublished).
  • Cardullo, P., & Kitchin, R. (2018). Smart urbanism and smart citizenship: The neoliberal logic of ‘citizen-focused’ smart cities in Europe. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263774X18806508
  • Cowley, R., Joss, S., & Dayot, Y. (2018). The smart city and its publics : insights from across six UK cities. Urban Research & Practice, 11(1), 53–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/17535069.2017.1293150
  • Dichter, A. & Gloria, G.M. (2017). Coping with Success. Managning Destinations (Pdf file). London: McKinsey & Company and World Travel & Tourism Council. Retrieved from https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/policy-research/coping-with-success---managing-overcrowding-in-tourism-destinations-2017.pdf
  • Dodds R., & Butler, R. (2019). The enablers of overtourism. In R. Dodds & R. Butler (Eds.), Overtourism: issues, realities and solutions (pp. 6¬–21). Boston, MA: De Gruyter Oldenbourg.
  • Doxey, G.V. (1975). A causation theory of visitor-resident irritants: methodology and research inferences in the impact of tourism. In Sixth Annual Conference Proceedings of the Travel Research Association. San Diego, California.
  • Dredge, D. (2016). Are DMOs on a path to redundancy? Tourism Recreation Research, 41(3), 348–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2016.119595
  • Eckert, C., Zacher, D., Pechlaner, H., Namberger, P., & Schmude, J. (2019). Strategies and measures directed towards overtourism: a perspective of European DMOs. International Journal of Tourism Cities. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-12-2018-0102
  • European Cities Marketing. (2018). Managing Tourism Growth in Europe. The ECM Toolbox, 30. Retrieved from https://fr.calameo.com/read/0006740147d7bd41b5afc
  • EXCELTUR (2019). Temas críticos en los destinos turísticos. DIGITUR - Observatorio para la transformación digital de los destinos turísticos (Executive report, phase 1).
  • Fletcher, R. (2018). Foreword. In C. Milano & J. A. Mansilla (Coords.), Ciudad de vacaciones: conflictos urbanos en espacios turísticos (pp. 9–18). Barcelona: Pol•len.
  • Fomento de San Sebastián (2015). Donostia San Sebastián Smart Plan 2016–2020 (Plan Summary). Retrieved from http://www.fomentosansebastian.eus/images/sectores_emergentes/smart-energy/plan_smart/PLAN_SMART_DONOSTIA_EN.pdf
  • Francis, J. (2019). Foreword. In R. Dodds & R. Butler (Eds.), Overtourism: issues, realities and solutions (pp. I-II). Boston, MA: De Gruyter Oldenbourg
  • García Hernández, M., Calle Vaquero, M. de la, & Yubero Bernabé, C. (2017). Cultural Heritage and Urban Tourism: Historic City Centres under Pressure. Sustaninability, 9, 1346. 2071-1050. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081346
  • Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., Kalasek, R., Pichler-Milanovic, N., & Meijers, E. (2007). Smart cities: Ranking of European medium-sized cities. Retrieved from: http://www.smart-cities.eu/download/smart_cities_final_report.pdf
  • Gil, J., & Sequera, J. (2018). Expansión de la ciudad turística y nuevas resistencias. El caso de Airbnb en Madrid. EMPIRIA. Revista de Metodología de Ciencias Sociales, 41, 15–32. https://doi.org/empiria.41.2018.22602
  • Goodwin, H. (2017). The challenge of overtourism. Responsible Tourism Partnership (Working Paper 1). Retrieved from https://haroldgoodwin.info/pubs/RTP%27WP4Overtourism01%272017.pdf
  • Greenfield, A. (2013). Against the smart city. New York (USA): Do Projects.
  • Gretzel, U. (2018). From smart destinations to smart tourism regions. Investigaciones Regionales-Journal of Regional Research, 42, 171–184.
  • Gretzel, U., Werthner, H., Koo, C., & Lamsfus, C. (2015). Conceptual foundations for understanding smart tourism ecosystems. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 558–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.043
  • Hall, C. M. (2019). Constructing sustainable tourism development: The 2030 agenda and the managerial ecology of sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(7), 1044–1060. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1560456
  • Hollands, R. G. (2008). Will the real smart city please stand up? City, 12(3), 303–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604810802479126
  • Huete, R., & Mantecón, A. (2018). El auge de la turismofobia ¿hipótesis de investigación o ruido ideológico? PASOS Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 16(1), 9–19. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2018.16.001.
  • IBM (2010). A vision of smarter cities: How cities can lead the way into a prosperous and sustainable future. New York: IBM Institute for Business Value. Retrieved from https://www-03.ibm.com/press/attachments/IBV_Smarter_Cities_-_Final.pdf
  • INE (2019). Encuesta de ocupación hotelera. http://ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736177015&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735576863.
  • Ivars-Baidal, J. A., Celdrán-Bernabeu, M. A., Mazón, J.-N., & Perles-Ivars, Á. F. (2017). Smart destinations and the evolution of ICTs: a new scenario for destination management? Current Issues in Tourism, 1581–1600. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1388771.
  • Joppe, M. (2019). The roles of policy, planning and governance in preventing and managing overtourism. En R. Dodds & R. Butler (Eds.), Overtourism: issues, realities and solutions (pp. 250–261). Boston, MA: De Gruyter Oldenbourg.
  • Koens, K., Postma, A., & Papp, B. (2018). Is overtourism overused? Understanding the impact of tourism in a city context. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(12), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124384
  • Kitchin, R. (2015). Making sense of smart cities: addressing present shortcomings. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 8(1), 131–136. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsu027
  • Komninos, N. (2015). The age of intelligent cities: smart environments and innovation-for-all strategies (First Edition). New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
  • López Palomeque, F. (2015). Barcelona, de ciudad con turismo a ciudad turística. Notas sobre un proceso complejo e inacabado. Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica, 61(3), 483–506. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/dag.296
  • March, H., & Ribera-Fumaz, R. (2016). Smart contradictions: The politics of making Barcelona a Self-sufficient city. European Urban and Regional Studies, 23(4), 816–830. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776414554488
  • Marín Cots, P. (2017). Sostenibilidad urbana en la ciudad turística, simbología, simulación y masificación (Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Málaga, Spain) (Unpublished).
  • Mathieson, A., & Wall, G. (1982). Tourism: economic, physical, and social impacts. London, New York: Longman
  • Merricks White, J. (2019). Politicising smart cities standards. In C. Coletta, L. Evans, L. Heaphy, & R. Kitchin (Eds.), Creating smart cities (pp. 33–48). Abingdon, Oxon, New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Milano, C. (2018). Overtourism, malestar social y turismofobia. Un debate controvertido. PASOS Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 16(3), 551–564. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2018.16.041.
  • Milano, C., & Mansilla, J. A. (Coord.) (2018). Ciudad de vacaciones: conflictos urbanos en espacios turísticos. Barcelona: Pol•len.
  • Milano, C., Novelli, M., & Cheer, J. M. (2018). Overtourism and Tourismphobia : A journey through four decades of tourism development, planning and local concerns. Tourism Planning and Development Journal. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2019.1599604
  • Muñoz González, F.J. (2016). Actitudes de los residentes hacia los impactos del turismo: el caso de Málaga capital como destino turístico cultural (Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Málaga, Spain) (Unpublished).
  • Navarro-Jurado, E., Romero-Padilla, Y., Romero-Martínez, J. M., Serrano-Muñoz, E., Habegger, S., & Mora-Esteban, R. (2018). Crecimiento turístico y expulsión de ciudadanía: un análisis desde los movimientos sociales de la gestión turística en la ciudad de Málaga. In De lugar geográfico a destino turístico: análisis, planificación y gestión de los procesos de cambio generados por el turismo (pp. 123–134). León: Universidad de León.
  • Navarro-Ruiz, S., Casado-Díaz, A. B., & Ivars-Baidal, J. (2019). Cruise tourism: the role of shore excursions in the overcrowding of cities. International Journal of Tourism Cities. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-04-2018-0029
  • OECD. (2018). OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2016. OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2018. https://doi.org/10.1787/tour-2012-en
  • O’Reilly, A. M. (1986). Tourism carrying capacity: Concept and issues. Tourism Management, 7(4), 254–258. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(86)90035-X.
  • Peeters, P., Gossling, S., Klijs, J., Milano, C., Novelli, M., Dijkmans, C., & Postma, A. (2018). Research for TRAN Committee - Overtourism: impact and possible policy responses, European Parliament, Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies (October). Retrieved from http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=IPOL_STU(2018)629184
  • Russo, A.P., & Scarnato, A. (2017). Barcelona in common': a new urban regime for the 21st-century tourist city? Journal of Urban Affairs, 40(4), 455–474. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2017.1373023
  • Sequera, J. & Gil, J. (2018). Resistencias contra la ciudad turística. Airbnb en Madrid. In C. Milano & J. A. Mansilla (Coord.) (2018). Ciudad de vacaciones: conflictos urbanos en espacios turísticos (pp.189–222). Barcelona: Pol•len,
  • Torres Mora, L. (2018). Turismofobia y turistificación en el Barri del Carme (Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Valencia, Spain) (Unpublished).
  • Townsend, A. M. (2013). Smart cities: big data, civic hackers, and the quest for a new utopia. New York: Company.
  • Tuan, Y.F. (1977). Space and place. The Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.
  • Turisme Comunitat Valenciana & CERCLE (2019). Afrontando los retos del overtourism en destinos patrimoniales y naturales a través de Open/Big Data. Generalitat Valenciana. Proyecto Herit Data. Retrieved from https://www.turisme.gva.es/opencms/opencms/turisme/es/contents/planificacion/heritdata/HD_Informe_ejecutivo_BENCHMARKING.pdf
  • Turismo de San Sebastián (2017). Plan de Turismo Donostia San Sebastián 2017–2020. Retrieved from https://press.sansebastianturismoa.eus/images/prensa_agentes/pdf/Visit-Bizi_Memoria_completo_Cast.pdf
  • Turismo Valencia (2017). València turística, hacia 2020. Retrieved from https://www.visitvalencia.com/sites/default/files/pdfs/fundacion/plan-actuaciones-2017-2020.pdf
  • UNWTO (2018). ‘Overtourism’? – Understanding and Managing Urban Tourism Growth beyond Perceptions. World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), Centre of Expertise Leisure, Tourism & Hospitality, NHTV Breda University of Applied Sciences, and NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences. Madrid: UNWTO. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284419999
  • Vanolo, A. (2014). Smartmentality: The Smart City as Disciplinary Strategy. Urban Studies, 51(5), 883–898. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098013494427.
  • Yeoman I. (2018): Future driving forces of city tourism in the tourism market. In UNWTO: ‘Overtourism’? – Understanding and Managing Urban Tourism Growth beyond Perceptions, Executive Summary (pp 44–46). https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284420070
Fonte de datos: Dialnet