Descubrimiento y explotación de oportunidades empresarialesun análisis desde la perspectiva del capital social y el género

  1. González Álvarez, Nuria
  2. Nieto Antolín, Mariano
Revista:
Economía industrial

ISSN: 0422-2784

Año de publicación: 2012

Título del ejemplar: Mujer y desafío emprendedor en España

Número: 383

Páginas: 65-74

Tipo: Artículo

Otras publicaciones en: Economía industrial

Resumen

Este trabajo se plantea un doble objetivo. Por un lado, se pretende analizar la influencia que ejerce el capital social sobre las dos etapas del proceso de creación de empresas, el descubrimiento y la explotación de oportunidades, considerando el capital social como un conjunto de redes sociales y a las normas de reciprocidad, cooperación y confianza asociadas a ellas. En segundo lugar, este trabajo pretende analizar la existencia de diferencias en cuanto a género en el descubrimiento y la explotación de oportunidades de creación empresarial. Para alcanzar ambos objetivos, se utilizan datos procedentes de la encuesta realizada a una muestra de 28.888 individuos en España durante 2009, en el marco del proyecto GEM.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • ALDRICH, H.E. y ZIMMER, C.(1986): «Entrepreneurship through social networks», en D.L. Sexton y R.W. Smilor (eds): The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship. Ballinger Publishing, Cambridge, MA.
  • ALDRICH, H.E., BRICKMAN, A.E. y REESE, P.R. (1997): »Strong ties, weak ties and Strangers: do women owners differ from men in their use of networking to obtain assistance?», en S. Birley y I.C. MacMillan (eds.): Entrepreneurship in a Global Context. Routledge, New York, pp. 1–25.
  • ARENIUS, P.; DE CLERCQ, D. (2005): «A networkbased approach on opportunity recognition», Small Business Economics, nº 24, pp. 249-265.
  • ARROW, K. (1972): «Gifts and Exchanges»,Philosophy and Public Affairs, nº 1, pp. 343-367.
  • BAKER, T.; ALDRICH, H. y LIOU, N. (1997): «Invisible entrepreneurs: The neglect of women business owners by mass media and scholarly journals in the USA», Entrepreneurship y Regional Development, nº 9, pp. 221-238.
  • BARRO, R. (1996): Getting It Right: Markets and Choices in a Free Society,MIT Press
  • BAUMOL, W.(2002): The free-market innovation machine. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
  • BHAGAVATULA, S.; ELFRING, T.; VAN TILBURG A. y VAN DE BUNT, G.G. (2010): «How social and human capital influence opportunity recognition and resource mobilization in India´s handloom industry», Journal of Business Venturing, nº 25, pp. 245-260.
  • BIRD, B., y BRUSH, C. (2002): «A gendered perspective on organization creation», Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 26 nº 3, pp. 41-65.
  • BODEN R. J. Jr(1999): «Gender Inequality in Wage Earnings and Female Self-Employment», Selection Journal of SocioEconomics, nº 28, pp. 351–364.
  • BØLLINGTOFT, A. y ULHØI, J.P (2005): «The networked business incubator-leveraging entrepreneurial agency?» Journal of Business Venturing, nº 20, pp. 265–290.
  • BORCH, O.J. (1994): «The process of relational contracting: developing trust-based strategic alliances among small business enterprises» en P. Shrivastava, A. Huff, y J. Dutton, (eds): Advances in Strategic Management, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, 10B, pp. 113-135.
  • BOURDIEU, P. (1986): «The Forms of Capital» en G. Richardson, J.G. (eds): Handbook of Theory and Research in the Sociology of Education, Greenwald Press, New York.
  • BOWLES, S. y GINTIS, H. (2002): «Social capital and community governance». The Economic Journal, vol. 112, nº 483, pp. 419-436.
  • BRUSH C. G. (1992): «Research on Women Business Owners: Past Trends, a New Perspective and Future Directions», Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, nº 16, pp. 5–30.
  • BRUSH, C. (1992): «Research on women business owners: Past trends, a new perspective and future directions», Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, nº 16, pp. 5-30.
  • BRUSH, C. G. (1990): “Women and Enterprise Creation: Barriers and Opportunities’, in S. Gould and J. Parzen (eds.), Enterprising Women: Local initiatives for job creation, OECD, Paris.
  • BUGLIARELLO, G. (1998): «Knowledge parks and incubators» en R.C. Dorf (Ed.), The Handbook of Technology Management, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 1.41-41.49.
  • BURKE A. E., FITZROY F. R., NOLAN M. A. (2002): «Self-employment Wealth and Job Creation: the Roles of Gender, Non-Pecuniary Motivation and Entrepreneurial Ability», Small Business Economics, nº 19, pp. 255–270.
  • BURKE, A. E., FITZROY, F. R., y NOLAN, M. A. (2002): «Selfemployment wealth and job creation: The roles of gender, nonpecuniary motivation and entrepreneurial ability», Small Business Economics, 19, pp.255-270.
  • CARROLL, G. y MOSAKOWSKI. E. (1987): The career dynamics of self-employment, Administrative Science Quarterly, 32, pp. 570-589.
  • CARTER, N. y WILLIAMS, M. (2003). «Comparing social feminism and liberal feminism: The case of new firm growth» en J. Butler (Dir.): New Perspectives on Women Entrepreneurs, Information Age Publishing, Greenwich, CT.
  • CARTER, N.M. Y BRUSH, C.G. (2004): «Gender», en W.B.Gartner, K.G.Shaver, N.M.Carter, & P.D.Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics: The process of business creation Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 12–25.
  • CARTER, S. y SHAW, E. (2006): Women’s Business Ownership: Recent Research and Policy Developments. Small Business Service, Sheffield.
  • CASSON, M. (2005): «The individual-opportunity nexus: A review of Scott Shane: A general theory of entrepreneurship», Small Business Economics, nº 24, pp. 423–430.
  • CHANDLER, G.; LYON, D. y DETIENNE, D. (2005): «Antecedents and exploitation outcomes of opportunity identification processes», The Academy of Management Conference, Honolulu.
  • COLEMAN, J. (1988): «Social capital in the creation of human capital», American Journal of Sociology, nº 94 (supplement issue), pp. 95–120.
  • COLEMAN, J. (1990): Foundations of Social Theory.Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
  • COOPER, A.; GIMENO-GASCON, F.J. y WOO, C.Y. (1994): «Initial human capital and financial capital as predictors of new venture performance», Journal of Business Venturing, nº 9, pp. 371-395.
  • COOPER, A.C.; WOO, C.Y. y DUNKELBERG, W.C. (1989): Entrepreneurship and the initial size of firms, Journal of Business Venturing,nº 4, pp. 317–332.
  • DAVIDSSON, P. y HONIG, B. (2003): «The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs», Journal of Business Venturing, nº 18, pp. 301–331.
  • DE KONING, A. (1999): Conceptualizing Opportunity Recognition as a Socio-Cognitive Process,Centre for Advanced Studies in Leadership, Stockholm.
  • DECAROLIS, D. y SAPARITO, P. (2006): «Social capital, cognition and entrepreneurial opportunities: A theoretical framework», Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 30, nº 1, pp. 41–56.
  • DELMAR, F. y DAVIDSON, P (2000): «Where do they come from? Prevalence and characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs», Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, nº 12, pp.1-23.
  • DETIENNE, D. y CHANDLER, G. (2007): The role of gender in opportunity identification. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, nº 31, pp. 365-386.
  • EASTERLY, W. y LEVINE, R. (1997): «Africa’s growth tragedy: Policies and ethnic divisions». Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 112, nº 4) pp. 1203-50.
  • EVANS, D. y LEIGHTON, L. (1989): «Some empirical aspects of entrepreneurship», American Economic Review, nº 79, pp. 519-535.
  • FAGENSON, E. A., y MARCUS, E. C. (1991): «Perceptions of the Sex Role Stereotypic Characteristics of Entrepreneurs: Women’s Evaluations», Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 15, nº 4, pp. 33-47.
  • FISCHER, E.; REUBER, A. y DYKE, L. (1993): «A theoretical overview and extension of research on sex, gender and entrepreneurship»,Journal of Business Venturing, nº 8, pp. 151-168.
  • FUKUYAMA, F. (1995): Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity, Free Press, Nueva York.
  • GEM (2009): Global Entrepreurship Monitor. [www.ie.edu/gem] GOFFEE, R. y JONES, G. (1996): «What holds the modern company together», Harvard Business Review, vol. 74, nº 6, pp. 133-148. GRANOVETTER, M. (1973): «The strength of weak ties», American Journal of Sociology, vol. 78, nº 6, pp. 1360-1380. GREENE P. (2000): «Self-Employment as an Economic Behavior: an Analysis of Self-Employed Women’s Human and Social Capital», National Journal of Sociology, vol. 12, nº 1, pp. 1-55.
  • GROOTAERT, C. y VAN BASTELAER, T. (2002): Understanding and measuring social capital: A synthesis of findings and recommendation from the Social Capital Initiative, World Bank, Washington.
  • GUISO, L.; SAPIENZA, P. yZINGALES, L. (2004): «The Role of Social Capital in Financial Development», American Economic Review, vol. 94, nº 3, pp. 526-556.
  • HILLS, G.; LUMPKIN, G.T. y SINGH, R.P. (1997): «Opportunity recognition: Perceptions and behaviours of entrepreneurs», Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College, Wellesley, MA, pp. 203–218.
  • JIANAKOPLOS N. A., BERNASEK A. (1998): «Are Women More Risk Averse?», Economic Inquiry, vl. 36, nº 4, pp. 620–630.
  • JOHNSEN, G. y MCMAHON, R. (2005): «Owner-manager gender, financial performance and business growth amongst SMEs from Australia’s business longitudinal survey», International Small Business Journal, nº 23, pp. 115-142.
  • KIRZNER, I. (1973): Competition and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • KIRZNER, I. (1985): Discovery and the capitalist process. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • KIRZNER, I. (1997): Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process: An Austrian approach. The Journal of Economic Literature, nº 35, pp. 60–85.
  • KNACK, S. y KEEFER, P. (1997): «Does social capital have an economic payoff? A cross country investigation», Quarterly Journal of Economics,vol. 112, nº 4, pp. 1251-1288
  • KRUEGER, N.J. y DICKSON, P.R. (1994): «How believing in ourselves increases risk taking: perceived self-efficacy and opportunity recognition», Decision Science, nº 25, pp. 385-400.
  • LANGOWITZ, N. y MINNITI, M. (2007): «The Entrepreneurial Propensity of Women», Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 31 nº 3, pp. 341-364.
  • LARSON, A. (1991): «Partner networks: leveraging external ties to improve entrepreneurial performance», Journal of Business Venturing, nº 6, pp. 173–188.
  • LIAO, J. y WELSCH, H. (2005): «Roles of social capital in venture creation: Key dimensions and research implications», Journal of Small Business Management, nº 43, pp. 345–362.
  • LIN, N. (2001):Social capital: A theory of social structure and action, Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • LOMBARD K.(2001): «Female Self-Employment and Demand for Flexible», Nonstandard Work Schedules Economic Inquiry, vol. 39, nº 2, pp. 214–237.
  • MARLOW, S. (2002): «Self employed women: Apart of, or apart from, feminist theory?» Entrepreneurship and Innovation, vol. 2, nº 2, pp. 83–91.
  • MINNITI, M., ARENIUS, P., y LANGOWITZ, N. (2005): 2004 Global entrepreneurship monitor special topic report: women and entrepreneurship. Center for Women’s Leadership at Babson College, Babson Park, MA.
  • NAHAPIET, J. y GOSHAL, S. (1998): «Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage», Academy Management Review, nº 23, pp. 242–266.
  • NORTH, D. (2005): Understanding the Process of Economic Change, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • OSTGAARD, T.A. y BIRLEY, S. (1996): «New venture growth and personal networks», Journal of Business Research, nº 36, pp. 37-50.
  • OZGEN, E. y BARON, R.A. (2007): «Social sources of information in opportunity recognition: Effects of mentors, industry networks and professional forums», Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 22, nº 2, pp. 174-192.
  • PUTNAM, R.D. (2000): Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon y Schuster, Nueva York.
  • PUTNAM, R.D.; LEONARDI, R. y NANETTI, R.Y (1993): Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • RUEF, M., ALDRICH, H.E., Y CARTER, N.M. (2003): «The structure of organizational founding teams: Homophily, strong ties, and isolation among U.S. entrepreneurs», American Sociological Review, vol. 68, nº 2, 195–222.
  • SCHREIER, J. (1973): The Female Entrepreneur: A pilot study, Center for Venture Management, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
  • SCHWARTZ, E.B (1976): «Entrepreneurship: a new female frontier», Journal of Contemporary Business, winter, pp. 47-76.
  • SCOTT, A. (2006): «Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Industrial Development: Geography and the Creative Field Revisited». Small Business Economics, vol. 26, nº 1, pp.1-24.
  • SHANE, S. (2000): «Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities», Organization Science, vol. 11, nº 4, pp. 448-469.
  • SHANE, S. (2003): A General Theory on Entrepreneurship. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
  • SHANE, S. y CABLE, D. (2002): «Network ties, reputation, and the financing of new ventures», Management Science, vol. 48, nº 3, pp. 364-381.
  • SHANE, S. y VENKATARAMAN, S. (2000): «The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research», Academy of Management Review, nº 25, pp. 217–226.
  • SHARASVATHY, D.; SIMON, H. y LAVE, L. (1998): «Perceiving and managing business risks: Differences between entrepreneurs and bankers», Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization, nº 33, pp. 207-225.
  • SINGH, R. (2000): Entrepreneurial opportunity recognition through social networks. Taylor y Francis, New York.
  • STARR, J.A. y MACMILLAN, I.C.(1990): «Resource cooptation via social contracting: resource acquisition strategies for new ventures»,Strategic Management Journal, (Special Issue: Corporate Entrepreneurship), nº 11, pp. 79-92.
  • UZZI, B., (1997): «Social structure and competition in inter firm networks: the paradox of embeddedness», Administrative Science Quarterly, nº 42, pp. 35–67.
  • WESTLUND, H. y BOLTON, R. (2003): «Local social capital and entrepreneurship», Small Business Economics, vo. 21, nº 2, pp. 77-113.
  • ZAK, P.J. y KNACK, S. (2001): «Trust and Growth», The Economic Journal, nº 111, pp. 295-331.