Democratic Security Policy in ColombiaApproaches to an enemy-centric counterinsurgency model

  1. Jerónimo Ríos Sierra 1
  2. Jaime Zapata García 2
  1. 1 Universidad Complutense de Madrid
    info

    Universidad Complutense de Madrid

    Madrid, España

    ROR 02p0gd045

  2. 2 Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano
    info

    Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano

    Bogotá, Colombia

    ROR https://ror.org/04wbzgn90

Revue:
Revista de humanidades

ISSN: 1130-5029,  2340-8995

Année de publication: 2019

Número: 36

Pages: 129-154

Type: Article

DOI: 10.5944/RDH.36.2019.19837 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

D'autres publications dans: Revista de humanidades

Objectifs de Développement Durable

Résumé

Abstract: The purpose of this document is to reflect upon the Democratic Security Policy (PSD by its abbreviation in Spanish) that took place in Colombia under the presidency of Álvaro Uribe Vélez, between 2002 and 2010. To this end, in the fight against the guerrillas of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC by its abbreviation in Spanish) and the National Liberation Army (ELN by its abbreviation in Spanish), the PSD is understood, in these terms, not so much as a population-centric counterinsurgency strategy, but on the contrary, as a predominantly enemy-centric model. It is also theoretically presented as a hybrid model between the scheme of compulsion and accommodation proposed by Hazelton (2011, 2013, 2017), and the authoritarian model that Zukhov (2012), or Byman (2016) approach, among others. In this regard, the work draws on data from the database on the internal armed conflict expressly facilitated by the Vice-Presidency of the Republic, and by a set of in-depth interviews with the main actors involved in the conflict during the time of the study, from the Government, as well as from the Military Forces, the guerrillas and the paramilitaries.

€ Voir financement

Information sur le financement

This work was supported by the Observatory for Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law - Vice-Presidency of the Republic of Colombia.

Financeurs

  • Republic of Colombia Colombia

Références bibliographiques

  • Angarita, Pablo (2011). Seguridad democrática. Lo invisible de un régimen político y económico. Bogotá: Siglo XXI Editores.
  • Arbeláez, Ana (2006). Análisis de la efectividad de la política de defensa y seguridad democrática del Presidente Uribe. Seguridad y Territorio en Colombia 2002-2006. Medellín: Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana.
  • Berrios, Carlos. (2017). Critical ingredient: US aid to counterinsurgency in Colombia. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 28(3), 546-575.
  • Byman, Daniel (2016). ‘Death Solves All Problems’: The Authoritarian Model of Counterinsurgency. Journal of Strategic Studies, 39(1), 62-93.
  • Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) (2011). Panorama social de América Latina. Santiago de Chile: ECLAC.
  • Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) (2015). Panorama social de América Latina. Santiago de Chile: ECLAC.
  • CINEP (2010). The Legacy of Uribe’s Policies: Challenges for the Santos Administration. Bogotá: CINEP.
  • CINEP (2011) Informe Especial. ‘Falsos Positivos 2010’: Clamor por la vida y la justicia. Bogotá: CINEP.
  • Crane, Conrad (2007). Minting COIN: Principles and imperatives for combating insurgency. Air & Space Power Journal, 21(4), 57.
  • Daly, Sarah (2012). Organizational legacies of violence: Conditions favoring insurgency onset in Colombia, 1964-1984. Journal of Peace Research, 49(3), 473-491.
  • DeShazo, Peter, McLean, Phillip, & Mendelson, Johanna. (2009a). Countering Threats to Security and Stability in a Failing State. Lessons from Colombia. A Report of the CSIS Americas Program. Washington: CSIS.
  • DeShazo, Peter., McLean, Phillip, & Mendelson, Johanna. (2009b). Colombia's Plan de Consolidación Integral de la Macarena. An Assessment. A Report of the CSIS Americas Program. Washington: CSIS
  • Dixon, Paul (2009). ‘Hearts and Minds’? British Counter-insurgency from Malaya to Iraq. Journal of Strategic Studies, 32(3), 353-381.
  • Evans, Mark (2015). The shirt of nessus: The rise and fall of Western counterinsurgency, 2004-2014. Quadrant, 59(1/2), 14-25.
  • Foley, Robert, Griffin, Stuart, & McCartney, Hellen (2011). ‘Transformation in contact': Learning the lessons of modern war. International Affairs, 87(2), 253-270.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2016). Rural development is Colombia's peace dividend, President Santos says.
  • Galula, David (2007). Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice. Santa Barbara: Praeger [1964]
  • García Guindo, Miguel (2014). Movimientos insurgentes: El papel, capacidades y respuestas de los Estados. Revista Politica y Estrategia, 123, 35-52.
  • Gilli, Andrea & Gilli, Mauro (2014). The spread of military innovations: Adoption capacity theory, tactical incentives, and the case of suicide terrorism. Security Studies, 23(3), 513-547.
  • Gruber, Bárbara & Pospisil, Jan (2015). Ser Eleno: Insurgent identity formation in the ELN. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 26(2), 226-247.
  • Hammes, Thomas (2012). The Future of Counterinsurgency. Orbis, 56(4). 565-587.
  • Hazelton, Jacqueline (2011). Compellence and Accommodation in Counterinsurgency Warfare. Doctoral dissertation. Brandéis University.
  • Hazelton, Jacqueline (2013). The False Promise of the Governance Model of Counterinsurgency Warfare. American Political Science Association Annual Meeting. Washington.
  • Hazelton, Jacqueline (2017). The “Hearts and Minds” Fallacy: Violence, Coercion, and Success in Counterinsurgency Warfare. International Security, 42(1), 80-113.
  • Herrero, J. (2012). David Galula y su Brújula de la Contrainsurgencia. Revista Ejército, 860, 46-52.
  • Holmes, Jennifer & Gutiérrez, Sheila (2014). Violence and the state: Lessons from Colombia. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 25(2), 372-403.
  • Jardine, Eric & Palamar, Simon (2013). From Medusa Past Kantolo: Testing the effectiveness of Canada's enemy-centric and population-centric counterinsurgency operational strategies. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 36(7), 588-608.
  • Kapuściński, Richard (1994). Imperium. New York: Vintage Books
  • Kilcullen, David (2005). Countering global insurgency. Journal of Strategic Studies, 28(4), 597-617.
  • Kilcullen, David (2006). Counter-insurgency redux. Survival, 48(4), 111-130.
  • Kilcullen, David (2012). Counterinsurgency: The State of a controversial art. In Paul Rich, & Isabelle Duyvesteyn (Eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency. 128-153. New York: Routledge.
  • Kilcullen, David (2016). Guerra de guerrillas y de contraguerrilla en Colombia. In Dickie, Davis, David, Kilcullen, Greg, Mills, & David, Spencer (Eds.). ¿Un gran quizás? Colombia: conflicto y convergencia, 119-157. Bogotá: Planeta.
  • Mann, Michael (1997). Las fuentes del poder social Vol.2. Madrid: Alianza.
  • Marks, Thomas (2017). FARC, 1982–2002: criminal foundation for insurgent defeat. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 28(3), 488-523.
  • Machiavelli, Nicola (1998). The Prince. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Mason, Ann (2002). Exclusividad, autoridad y Estado. Análisis Político, 47, 55- 75.
  • McAlister, John (1967). Review: Defeating Communist Insurgency. Experiences from Malaya and Vietnam. By Robert Thompson. American Political Science Review, 61(3), 773-775.
  • Medellín, Pedro & Rangel, Alfredo (2010). Política de Seguridad Democrática. Bogotá: Norma.
  • Medina, Carlos (1990). Autodefensas, paramilitares y narcotráfico en Colombia. Origen, desarrollo y consolidación. El caso Puerto Boyacá. Bogotá: Editorial de Documentos Jurídicos.
  • Menjívar, C., & Rodríguez, N. (2005). When states kill: Latin America, the U.S., and technologies of terror. Texas: University of Texas Press.
  • Mills, Greg (2016). ¿La puerta que abrirá el camino a muchas cosas? Seguridad y transformación económica de Colombia. In Dickie, Davis, David, Kilcullen, Greg, Mills, & David, Spencer. ¿Un gran quizás? Colombia: conflicto y convergencia, 159-209. Bogotá: Planeta.
  • Ministerio de Defensa Nacional (Mindefensa) (2010). Logros de la Política de Consolidación de la Seguridad Democrática. Bogotá, Colombia.
  • Ministerio de Defensa Nacional (Mindefensa) (2011). Logros de la Política Integral de Defensa y Seguridad para la Prosperidad, Bogotá, Colombia.
  • Ministerio de Defensa Nacional (Mindefensa) (2011b). Gasto en Defensa y Seguridad 1998- 2011, Bogotá, Colombia.
  • Observatorio de Derechos Humanos y Derecho Internacional Humanitario (ODHDIH) (n.d.) Síntesis de la violencia y la confrontación armada en Colombia, 1998-2012 y 2015. Bogotá, Colombia.
  • Ospina, Camilo (2011). “Colombia: Updating the Mission?” Prism, 2(4), 47-62.
  • Ospina, Camilo (2014). La Estrategia en Colombia: Variaciones del Centro de Gravedad. Washington, DC: William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies.
  • Ospina, Camilo (2017). Was FARC militarily defeated?. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 28(3), 524-545.
  • Otero, Diego (2010). El papel de los Estados Unidos en el conflicto armado colombiano. Bogotá: Ediciones Aurora.
  • Paul, Christopher., Clarke, Colin., Grill, Beth & Dunigan, Martha. (2016). Moving Beyond Population-Centric vs. Enemy-Centric Counterinsurgency. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 27(6), 1019-1042.
  • Pizarro, Eduardo (2011). Las FARC (1949-2011). De guerrilla campesina a máquina de guerra. Bogotá: Norma.
  • Presidencia de la República (2007). Informe al Congreso.
  • Presidencia de la República (2010). Informe al Congreso
  • Revista Criminalidad (2012). “Tablas estadísticas: Delitos y contravenciones, 2011”. Revista Criminalidad, 54(1), 55-158.
  • Ríos, Jerónimo (2016). La periferialización del conflicto armado colombiano, 2002-2014. Geopolítica(s). Revista de Estudios sobre Espacio y Poder, 7(2), 251-275.
  • Ríos, Jerónimo (2017a). Breve historia del conflicto armado en Colombia. Madrid: La Catarata.
  • Ríos, Jerónimo (2017b). Un laboratorio de guerra en Antioquia: desmitificando la victoria paramilitar y la desmitificación de las guerrillas. Revista UNISCI, 44, 9-37.
  • Ronderos, Teresa (2014). Guerras recicladas. Una historia periodística del paramilitarismo en Colombia. Bogotá: Aguilar.
  • Rotberg, Robert (2004). When States Fail: Causes and Consequences. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Saleyhan, Idean (2007). Trasnational Rebels: Neighboring States as Sanctuary for Rebel Groups. World Politics, 59(2), 217-242.
  • Shultz, Richard (1979). Coercive Force and Military Strategy: Deterrence Logic and the Cost-Benefit Model of Counterinsurgency Warfare. The Western Political Quarterly, 32(4), 444-466.
  • Spencer, David (2016). Una larga guerra. In D., Davis, D., Kilcullen, G., Mills, & D., Spencer (Eds.). ¿Un gran quizás? Colombia: conflicto y convergencia, 57-95. Bogotá: Planeta.
  • Taylor, Lewis (1997). La estrategia contrainsurgente: El PCP-SL y la guerra civil en el Perú, 1980-1996. Debate Agrario, 26, 81-110.
  • Taylor, Peter & Flint, Colin (2002). Geografía Política: Sistema-mundo, Estado-Nación y localidad. Madrid: Trama.
  • Thompson, Robert (1966). Defeating Communist Insurgency: The Lessons of Malaya and Vietnam. New York: Praeger.
  • Tollefsen, Andreas & Buhaug, Halvard (2015). Insurgency and Inaccessibility. International Studies Review, 17, 6-25.
  • Ucko, David (2016). ‘The People Are Revolting’: An Anatomy of Authoritarian Counterinsurgency. Journal of Strategic Studies, 39(1), 29-61.
  • United Nations Development Program (UNDP) (2011). Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano. Colombia rural: Razones para la esperanza, New York: Naciones Unidas.
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2013). Colombia. Monitoreo de cultivos de coca 2012. Viena, Austria.
  • Vargas, Alejo (2012). Las Fuerzas Armadas en el conflicto colombiano: antecedentes y perspectivas. Medellín: La Carreta.
  • Waltz, Kenneth (1995). Peace, Stability, and Nuclear Weapons. California: Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, University of California.
  • Weber, Max (2005). El político y el científico. Madrid: Alianza [1919]
  • Wolf, Charles & Leites, Nathan (1970). Rebellion and Authority. Chicago: Markham.
  • Zhukov, Yuri (2012). Counterinsurgency in a non-democratic state: The Russian example. In Paul Rich, & Isabele Duyvesteyn (Eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency, 286-300. New York: Routledge.
La source de données: Dialnet