Spanish version of the Adult Executive Functioning Inventory (ADEXI)Psychometric properties in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Intellectual Disability

  1. Domingo García-Villamisar 1
  2. Marina Jodra 1
  3. Gema Sáez-Suanes 2
  4. Lisa B. Thorell 3
  1. 1 Asociación Nuevo Horizonte, Madrid, Spain
  2. 2 Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
  3. 3 Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Journal:
Revista de psicopatología y psicología clínica

ISSN: 1136-5420

Year of publication: 2020

Volume: 25

Issue: 2

Pages: 121-129

Type: Article

DOI: 10.5944/RPPC.26183 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openOpen access editor

More publications in: Revista de psicopatología y psicología clínica

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Adult Executive Functioning Inventory (ADEXI) in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and Intellectual Disability (ID). A total of 121 adults with ASD and ID were recruited and informant ratings on the ADEXI were collected to investigate the factor structure, as well as reliability and validity. The results showed that we could replicate the two-factor structure (i.e., working memory and inhibition) that had been found in a previous study of adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The two ADEXI subscales were shown to have high internal consistency and significant associations were found between the ADEXI and the Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX), another executive function rating instrument. Conclusively, the ADEXI appear to be a valid instrument for assessing executive function deficits in adults with ASD and ID.

Bibliographic References

  • American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, USA: Author.
  • Baio, J., Wiggins, L., Christensen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Daniels, J., Warren, Z., ... Dowling, N. F. (2018). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years – Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014. MMWR Surveill Summ, 67, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1
  • Barkley, R. A. (2011). Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS). New York, USA: Guilford Press.
  • Barkley, R. A., & Fischer, M. (2011). Predicting impairment in major life activities and occupational functioning in hyperactive children as adults: Self-reported executive function (EF) deficits versus EF tests. Developmental Neuropsychology, 36, 137-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2010.549877
  • Bishop, D. V. M., & Norbury, C. F. (2005). Executive functions in children with communication impairments, in relation to autistic symptomatology - 2: Response inhibition. Autism, 9,29-43. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361305049028
  • Brooke, P. P., Russell, D. W., & Price, J. L. (1988). Discriminant validation of measures of job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 139-145. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.73.2.139
  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sage Focus Editions, 154, 136-136. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0049124192021002005
  • Burgess, P. W., Alderman, N., Wilson, B. A., Evans, J. J., & Emslie, H. (1996). The Dysexecutive Questionnaire. Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome. Bury St EdmundsM, UK: Thames Valley Test Company.
  • Demetriou, E. A., Lampit, A., Quintana, D. S., Naismith, S. L., Song, Y. J. C., Pye, J. E., Hickie, I., & Guastella, A. J. (2018). Autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis of executive function. Molecular Psychiatry, 23, 1198-1204. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2017.75
  • Fombonne, E. (2005). Epidemiology of autistic disorder and other pervasive developmental disorders. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66(10), 3-8.
  • García-Villamisar, D., Dattilo, J., & Muela, C. (2016). Effects of therapeutic recreation on adults with ASD and ID: A preliminary randomized control trial. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 61, 325-340. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12320
  • García-Villamisar, D., & Rojahn, J. (2015). Comorbid psychopathology and stress mediate the relationship between autistic traits and repetitive behaviours in adults with autism. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59, 116-124. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12083
  • Geurts, H. M., & De Wit, S. (2014). Goal-directed action control in children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism, 18, 409-418. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/1362361313477919
  • Geurts, H. M., van den Bergh, S. F., & Ruzzano. (2014). Prepotent Response Inhibition and Interference Control in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Two Meta-Analyses. Autism Research, 7, 407-420. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1369
  • Grant, D. A., & Berg, E. A. A. (1948). A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a Weigel-type card-sorting problem. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38, 404-411. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0059831
  • Hagberg, B., Nydén, A., Cederlund, M., & Gillberg, C. (2013). Asperger syndrome and»non-verbal learning problems» in a longitudinal perspective: Neuropsychological and social adaptive outcome in early adult life. Psychiatry Research, 210, 553-558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.06.006
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010) Multivariate Data Analysis. 7th Edition, Pearson, New York.
  • Holdnack, J., Goldstein, G., & Drozdick, L. (2011). Social Perception and WAIS-IV Performance in Adolescents and Adults Diagnosed with Asperger’s Syndrome and Autism, Assessment, 18, 192-200
  • Holst, Y., & Thorell, L. B. (2018). Adult executive functioning inventory (ADEXI): Validity, reliability, and relations to ADHD. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 27, 567-570. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1567
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424-453. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
  • Langen, M., Leemans, A., Johnston, P., Ecker, C., Daly, E., Murphy, C. M., ... & AIMS Consortium. (2012). Fronto-striatal circuitry and inhibitory control in autism: findings from diffusion tensor imaging tractography. Cortex, 48, 183-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2011.05.018
  • Leung, R. C., & Zakzanis, K. K. (2014). Brief report: cognitive flexibility in autism spectrum disorders: a quantitative review. Journal of Autism and Developmantal Disorders, 44: 2628-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2136-4
  • Lopez, B. R., Lincoln, A.J., Ozonoff, S., & Lai, Z. (2005). Examining the relationship between executive functions and restricted, repetitive symptoms of autistic disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35, 445-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-005-5035-x
  • Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex ‘‘frontal lobe’’ tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49-100. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
  • Miyake, A., & Friedman, N. P. (2012). The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions: Four general conclusions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21, 8-14. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0963721411429458
  • Nunnaly, J. (1978). Psychometric Theory. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill.
  • Pedrero, E. J., Ruiz, J. M., Olivar, A., Bouso, J. C., Rojo, G., Llanero, M., et al. (2009). Versión española del Cuestionario Disejecutivo (DEX-Sp): propiedades psicométricas en adictos y población no clínica. Adicciones, 21, 155-166.
  • Roth, R. M., Isquith, P. K., & Gioia, G. A. (2005). Behavior rating inventory of executive function-Adult version: Professional manual. Lutz, USA: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Rumsey, J. M. (1985). Conceptual problem-solving in highly verbal, nonretarded autistic men. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 15, 23-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01837896
  • Russell, J. (1997). Autism as an executive disorder. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Thorell, L.B., Holst, Y., Christiansen, H., Beilunga, D., Kooij, S., & Sjöwall, D. (2017). Neuropsychological Deficits in Adults Age 60 and Above with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. European Psychiatry, 45, 90-96
  • Thorell, L. B., & Nyberg, L. (2008). The childhood executive functioning inventory (CHEXI): A new rating instrument for parents and teachers. Developmental Psychology, 33, 536-552. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565640802101516
  • Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Practitioner review: Do performance-based measures and ratings of executive functions assess the same construct? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 131-143. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12001
  • Vogan, V. M., Leung, R. C., Safar, K., Martinussen, R., Smith, M. L., & Taylor, M. J. (2018). Longitudinal Examination of Everyday Executive Functioning in Children With ASD: Relations with Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Functioning Over Time. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01774
  • Wallace, G. L., Kenworthy, L., Pugliese, C. E., Popal, H. S., White, E. I., Brodsky, E., & Martin, A. (2016). Real-World Executive Functions in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Profiles of Impairment and Associations with Adaptive Functioning and Co-morbid Anxiety and Depression. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2655-7
  • Wilson, B. A., Alderman, N., Burgess, P. W., Emslie, H., & Evans, J. (1996). Behavioural assessment of the dysexecutive syndrome.Bury St. Edmunds, UK: Thames Valley Test Company