Cuando los cuerpos hablan. La corporalidad en las narraciones sobre la violencia sexual en las guerras de la República Democrática del Congo

  1. García Mingo, Elisa 1
  1. 1 Centro Universitario Villanueva
Journal:
Revista de dialectología y tradiciones populares

ISSN: 0034-7981

Year of publication: 2015

Tome: 70

Notebook: 1

Type: Article

DOI: 10.3989/RDTP.2015.01.008 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openOpen access editor

More publications in: Revista de dialectología y tradiciones populares

Abstract

News, documentaries and humanitarian campaigns in the mass media have become the source of accounts on the systematic violence perpetrated against women in the DRC since 1996. These accounts, whether political or media, exploit the specific facts regarding these attacks on women’s bodies, rarely visibilizing the true impact of sexual violence on women’s lives. This has helped shape a standpoint —already to some extent historically consolidated and ensconced in international forums— that identifies Congolese women as passive victims, as mere raped bodies. It is a standpoint that mobilises pity and compassion in the public and generates an immobilist approach to humanitarian intervention and international aid, rather than promoting frameworks in which Congolese women are relevant players in peacebuilding. This article analyses the different narratives circulating on sexual violence from the perspective of the «social body,» rendering visible problems that arise from the abuse of this type of narrative practice.

Bibliographic References

  • Aguirre, M. y F. Ferrándiz (eds.). 2002. The Emotion and the truth: Studies in Mass Communication and Conflict. Bilbao: Universidad de Deusto.
  • Amnistía Internacional. 2004. Vidas rotas. Crímenes contra mujeres en situaciones de conflicto. Madrid: EDAI.
  • Autesserre, S. 2012. «Dangerous tales: Dominant narratives on the Congo and their unintended consequences». African Affairs 111 (443): 202-222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adr080
  • Avni, R. 2006. «Mobilizing hope: beyond the shame-based model in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict». American Anthropologist 108 (1): 205-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2006.108.1.205
  • Boyla, B. 2005. La Profanation des vagins. Le viol, arme de destruction massive. Kinshasa: Le Serpent à Plumes.
  • Bordo, S. 2003 [1995]. Unbearable weight. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Chiwengo, N. 2008. «When Wounds and Corpses Fail to Speak: Narratives of Violence and Rape in Congo». Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 28 (1): 78-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-2007-057
  • Douma, N. y D. Hilshorst. 2012 «Fond de Commerce?: Sexual Violence Assistance in the Democratic Republic of Congo». Disaster Studies, vol. 2. Wageningen: Wageningen University.
  • Dunn, K.C. 2003. Imagining the Congo: The international relations of identity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403979261
  • Erikssen Baaz, M. E. y M. Stern. 2008. «Making sense of violence: Voices of soldiers in the Congo (DRC). Journal of Modern African Studies 46 (1): 57-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X07003072
  • Erikssen Baaz, M. E. y M. Stern. 2009. «Why Do Soldiers Rape? Masculinity, Violence, and Sexuality in the Armed Forces in the Congo». International Studies Quarterly 53 (2): 495-518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2009.00543.x
  • Escobar, A. 1995. Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Esteban, M. 2004. Antropología del cuerpo. Género, itinerarios corporales, identidad y cambio. Barcelona: Bellaterra.
  • Fassin, D. 2010. 'Heart of Humaneness: The Moral Economy of Humanitarian Intervention', en D.
  • Fassin and M. Pandolfi (eds.), Contemporary states of emergency. The politics of military and humanitarian interventions, 269-93. Brooklyn: Zone Books.
  • Fassin, D. y R. Rechtman. 2009. The empire of trauma: An inquiry into the condition of victimhood. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Feldman, A. 1991. Formations of Violence: The narrative of the body and political terror in Northern Ireland.Chicago: University of Chicago Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226240800.001.0001
  • Ferrándiz, F. 2008. La etnografía como campo de minas: de las violencias cotidianas a los paisajes posbélicos, en XI Congreso de Antropología: Retos teóricos y Nuevas prácticas: 89-115. Donostia: Ankulegi Antropologia Elkartea.
  • Freire, P. 1970. Pedagogía del Oprimido. Montevideo: Tierra Nueva.
  • García-Mingo, E. 2013. «Políticas de activismo mediático en Sur Kivu (R.D. Congo): Mujeres activistas y su uso de blogs, Youtube y Flickr en la Construcción de Paz». Tejuelo 8: 124-144.
  • Ginsburg, F. 2002. Mediating Culture: Indigenous Media, Ethnographic Film, and the Production of Identity, en K. Askew y R. Wilks, The Anthropology of Media: A Reader: 211-238. Londres: Blackwell.
  • Ginsburg, F., L. Abu-Lughod y B. Larkin. 2002. Media Worlds. Antropology on a new terrain. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Gregory, S. 2006. «Transnational Storytelling: Human Rights, WITNESS, and Video Advocacy». American Anthropologist 108 (1): 195-204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2006.108.1.195
  • Grosz, E. 1994. Volatile bodies. Towards a corporeal feminism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. PMCid:PMC1205813
  • Human Rights Watch. 2002. The War within the War. Sexual violence against women and girls in Eastern Congo. Nueva York: Human Rights Watch.
  • Human Rights Watch. 2009. Les soldats violent, les comandants ferment les yeux. Violences sexuelles et réforme militaire en République démocratique du Congo. Nueva York: Human Rights Watch.
  • Hunt, N. 2008. «An acoustic register, tenacious images, and Congolese scenes of rape and repetition». Cultural Anthropology 22 (2), 220-253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1360.2008.00008.x
  • International Rescue Comittee. 2008. Mortality in the DRC: an ongoing crisis. Nueva York: IRC.
  • Kristeva, J. 1988. Poderes de la perversión. Buenos Aires: Catálogos. PMid:3207789
  • Koddenbrock, K. 2012. «Recipes for Intervention: Western Policy Papers Imagine the Congo», International Peacekeeping 19 (5): 549-564 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2012.721987
  • Koddenbrock, K. 2014. «Malevolent politics: ICG reporting on government action and the dilemmas of rule in the Democratic Republic of Congo». Third World Quarterly 35(4): 669-685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2014.924067
  • Lewis, S. y E. Ensler. 2008. «The Never Ending War» The Huffington Post.
  • Malkki, L. 1996. «Speechless Emissaries: Refugees, humanitarism and dehistoricization». Cultural Anthropology 11 (3): 377-404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/can.1996.11.3.02a00050
  • Mbembe, A. 2001. On the postcolony. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • McLagan, M. 2002. «Spectacles of difference: cultural activism and the mass mediation of Tibet», en F. Ginsburg et al., Media Worlds: Anthropology on New Terrain: 91-112. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • McLagan, M. 2006. «Making Human Rights Claims Public». American Anthropologist 108: 191-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2006.108.1.191
  • Moeller, S. 1999. Compassion fatigue. How the media sell disease, famine, war and death. Nueva York: Routledge.
  • Médicos Sin Fronteras. 2014. La emergencia que no cesa. Sufrir en silencio en República Democrática del Congo. Barcelona: Médicos Sin Fronteras
  • Newbury, D. 1996. «Convergent Catastrophes in Central Africa». Review of African Political Economy 23 (70): 573-576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056249608704230
  • Nordstrom, C. y A. Robben. 1995. Fieldwork under fire. Contemporary studies of violence and survival. Los Angeles: University of Los Angeles Press.
  • Olujic, M. 1998. «Embodiment of terror». Medical Anthropology Quarterly 12 (1): 31-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/maq.1998.12.1.31 PMid:9527973
  • Pedelty, M. 1995. War Stories: The Culture of Foreign Correspondents. London: Routledge.
  • Prunier, G. 2009. From Genocide to Continental war. The «Congolese» conflict and the crisis of contemporary Africa. London: Hurst. PMCid:PMC2708500
  • Redfield, P. 2006. «A less modest witness: Collective advocacy and motivated truth in a medical humanitarian movement». American Ethnologist 33 (1): 3-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ae.2006.33.1.3
  • Redfield, P. 2012. «Humanitarianism», en D. Fassin (ed.), A Companion to Moral Anthropology: 451-467. Malden: Blackwell. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118290620.ch25
  • Rozario, K. 2003. «'Delicious horrors': Mass Culture, the Red Cross and the Appeal of Modern American Humanitarism». American Quarterly 55 (3): 417-455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aq.2003.0026
  • Scarry, E.1985. The body in pain. The Making and the Unmaking of the World. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
  • Scheper-Hughes, N. 1995. «The Primacy of the Ethical: Propositions for a Militant Anthropology». Current Anthropology 36: 409-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/204378
  • Scheper-Hughes, N. y P. Bourgois. 2004. Violence in War and Peace: An Anthology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. PMid:15817729
  • Stearns, J. 2012. Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa. New York: PublicAffairs.
  • Wax, E. 2004. «A brutal legacy of Congo war: extent of violence against women surfaces fighting recedes». Reproductive Health Matters 12 (23): 181-182.
  • WorldCom-LolaMora. 2008. Justice for women: seeking accountability for sexual crimes in post-conflict situations. Bruselas: FRIDE.