A influência de variáveis contextuais e situacionais na classificação de árbitros de futebol de elite

  1. Carvalho, Vitor 1
  2. Esteves, Pedro Tiago 2
  3. Nunes, Célia 3
  4. Mendez, César 4
  5. Travassos, Bruno 5
  1. 1 Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
  2. 2 Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Portugal; Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
  3. 3 Department of Mathematics and Center of Mathematics and Applications, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
  4. 4 Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid; Universidad Computense de Madrid, Madrid
  5. 5 Department of Sport Sciences, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal; Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football federation, FPF, Oeiras, Portugal
Journal:
Cuadernos de psicología del deporte

ISSN: 1578-8423 1989-5879

Year of publication: 2021

Volume: 21

Issue: 1

Pages: 216-224

Type: Article

DOI: 10.6018/CPD.435081 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDIGITUM editor

More publications in: Cuadernos de psicología del deporte

Abstract

Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the classification of elite soccer referees in Portugal and the contextual and situational variables of the matches refereed during the 2016-2017 sports season. In order to analyze the relationship between the final classification and the level of the competition, characterization of the game, result of the game and total number of cards displayed per game, an ordinal regression with Link Logit function was used. The results revealed that the contextual variables have a significant effect on the final classification, with no significant effects of the situational variables. In general, the model statistically explains the final classification of the elite soccer referees at the end of the sports season (X2LP (5) = 40.299, p<0.001). The probability of obtaining a better final referees’ classification increases 54.2% with the increase in the number of games played in the I League (OR=1.542), and 24.8% with the increase in the number of balanced games (OR=1.248). Decreases 61.2% with the increase in the number of games without TOP 3(OR=0.388). Finally, in relation to the total number of cards displayed in a game, there were no significant effects on the ranking of referees' performance. In summary, the results reinforce the significant influence that contextual factors have on the classification and assessment of a referee at the end of the sports season.

Funding information

Este estudo foi suportado pela Fundação para Ciência e Tecnologia com o número de registo UID04045/2020 para os autores PTE e BT.

Bibliographic References

  • Askins, R. (2001). Common myths about officiating. Referee,26(10),44-47.
  • Ato, M., López, J., &amp; Benavente, A. (2013). Un sistema de clasificación de los diseños de investigación en psicología. Anales de Psicología, 29(3), 1038-1059. https://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.178511
  • Berry, J., Abernethy, B., &amp; Cote, J. (2008). The contribution of structured activity and deliberate play to the development of expert perceptual and decision-making skill. Journal of Sport &amp; Exercise Psychology, 30 (6), 685–708. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.30.6.685
  • Brand, R., Schmidt, G., &amp; Schneeloch Y. (2006). “Sequential Effects in Elite Basketball Referees’ Foul Decisions: Na Experimental Study on the Concept of Game Management.” Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 28, 93–99. https://doi:10.1123/jsep.28.1.93.
  • Buraimo, B., Forrest, D., &amp; Simmons, R. (2010). The 12th man?: refereeing bias in English and German soccer. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 173 (2), 431–449. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-985X.2009.00604.x
  • Buraimo, B., Simmons, R., &amp; Maciaszczyk, M. (2012). Favoritism and referee bias in european soccer: evidence from the spanish league and the uefa champions league. Contemporary Economic Policy, 30 (3), 329–343. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2011.00295.x
  • Catteeuw, P., Helsen, W. F., Gilis, B., &amp; Wagemans, J. (2009). Decision-making skills, role specificity, and deliberate practice in association football refereeing. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27, 1125– 1136. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903079179
  • Collina, P. (2003). The rules of the game. London: Macmillan
  • Dohmen, T., Sauermann, J. (2016). Referee bias. Journal of Economic Surveys, 30 (4), 679-695. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12106
  • Dosseville, F., Laborde, S., &amp; Bernier, M. (2014). Athletes' expectations with regard to officiating competence. European Journal of Sport Science, 14 (1), 448-pp455. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.713006
  • Elsworthy, N., Burke, D. Scott, B. Stevens, C., &amp; Dascombe, B. (2014). “Physical and Decision-Making Demands of Australian Football Umpires during Competitive Matches.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28 (12), 3502–3507. https://doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000000567.
  • Erikstad, M. K., &amp; Johansen, B. T. (2020). Referee Bias in Professional Football: Favoritism Toward Successful Teams in Potential Penalty Situations. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2(19). https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.00019
  • Folkesson, P., Nyberg, C., Archer, T., &amp; Norlander, T. (2002). Soccer referees’ experience of threat and agression: effects of age, experience, and life orientation on outcome of coping strategy. Aggressive Behavior, 28, 317-327. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.90028
  • Fruchart, E., Carton, A. (2012). How do amateur soccer referees destabilize a match? Psicológica, 33 (3), 435-449.
  • Guillén, F., &amp; Jiménez, H. (2001). Características deseables en el arbitraje y el juicio deportivo. Revista De Psicologia Del Deporte, 10 (1), 23-34.
  • Grunska, J. (2001). “Yeah, You’re Good…But You Can Be Better.” Referee 26 (6), 36–40.
  • Lex, H., Pizzera, A., Kurtes, M. &amp; Schack, T. (2015). Influence of players “vocalisations on soccer referes” decisions. European Journal of Sport Science, 15 (5), 24-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.962620
  • Helsen, W., &amp; Bultynck, J. -B. (2004). Physical and perceptual-cognitive demands of topclass refereeing in association football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22 (2), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410310001641502
  • Jones, M.V., Paull, G.V., &amp; Erskine, J. (2002). The impact of team’s aggressive reputation on the decisions of association football referees. Journal of Sport Sciences, 20, 991-1000. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404102321011751
  • Kittela, A., Larkina, P., Elsworthy, N., &amp;, Spittle, M. (2019). Video-based testing in sporting officials: A systematic review. Psychology of Sport &amp; Exercise, 43, 261-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.03.013
  • Mathers, J. F., &amp; Brodie, K. (2011). Elite refereeing in professional soccer: A case study of mental skills support. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 2 (3), 171–182. https://doi:10.1080/21520704.2011.609018.
  • Mascarenhas, D., Collins, D., &amp; Mortimer, P. (2005). Elite refereeing performance: Developing a model for sport science support. The Sport Psychologist, 19, 364–379. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.19.4.364
  • Mascarenhas, D., O’Hare D., &amp; Plessner H. (2006). The psychological and performance demands of association football refereeing. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 37, 99-120.
  • Morris, G., &amp; Connor D. (2016). Key attributes of expert NRL referes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35 (9), 852-857. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1194524
  • Nevill, A. M., Balmer, N. J., &amp; Williams, A. M. (2002). The influence of crowd noise and experience upon refereeing decisions in football. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3, 261–272. https://doi:10.1016/S1469-0292(01)00033-4.
  • Pina J. A., Passos A. M., Carvalho, H., &amp; Maynard M. T. (2019). To be or not to be an excellent football referee: Different experts’ viewpoints. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37 (6), 692-700. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1522940
  • Plessner H., &amp; Betsch, T. (2001). Sequential effects in important referee decisions: The case of penalties in soccer. Journal of Sport &amp; Exercise Psychology, 23, 254-259.
  • Plessner, H., &amp; Raab, M. (1999). Kampf- und Schiedsdchterurteile als Produkte sozialer Informations verarbeitung [Judgments by officials in sports as products of social information processing]. Psychologie &amp; Sport, 6, 130-145.
  • Sabatini, D. (2002). The search for excellence. Referee, 24-28.
  • Sülün, Ö., (2013). Comparison of Anger and Furiousness Levels of Soccer Referees with Their Empathetic Tendencies. Master’s Thesis. Karamanoğlu Mehmet Bey University, Institute of Social Sciences, Karaman.
  • Tenreiro-Gavela, F., Montero-Seone, A., &amp; Saavedra-García, M. (2016). La autopercepción del esfuerzo y recuperación en el arbitraje profesional español: un estudio de caso. Cuadernos De Psicología Del Deporte, 16(3), 137-144.
  • Urra, B., Nuñez, C., Oses, J., &amp; Sarmiento, G. (2018). Variables psicológicas influyentes en el desempeño de árbitros FIFA: un estudio cualitativo. Revista de Psicología Aplicada al Deporte y al Ejercicio Físico, 3(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.5093/rpadef2018a13
  • Weaver, P. (2001). No hiding place for Gallagher. The Guardian Unlimited. Monday November 12th. Electronic article retrieved from http://football.guardian.co.uk/Match_Report/0,591738,00.html.
  • Williams, M., &amp; Ericsson, A. (2005). Perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport: Some considerations when applying the expert performance approach. Human Movement Science, 24 (3), 283–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2005.06.002
  • Wilson, R. (Producer &amp; Director) (2000, July 25). Man in black. Scotland: British Broadcasting Corporation.
  • Wolfson, S., &amp; Neave, N. (2007). Coping under pressure: Cognitive strategies for maintaining confidence among soccer referees. Journal of Sport Behavior, 30, 232–247.