Posibilidades y límites de la propaganda semántica en la era de las redes sociales“primavera”, “revolución”, “crisis” o “contrarrevolución” árabe

  1. Sapag Muñoz de la Peña, Pablo 1
  2. Pérez Rastrilla, Laura 1
  1. 1 Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)
Revista:
RAE-IC: Revista de la Asociación Española de Investigación de la Comunicación

ISSN: 2341-2690

Any de publicació: 2022

Títol de l'exemplar: Comunicación, propaganda y movimientos revolucionarios en la historia

Volum: 9

Número: 0

Pàgines: 68-91

Tipus: Article

DOI: 10.24137/RAEIC.9.E.4 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAccés obert editor

Altres publicacions en: RAE-IC: Revista de la Asociación Española de Investigación de la Comunicación

Resum

The street protests, government overthrows and armed conflicts in some Arab countries since 2010 on are as different in both their roots and development as these countries are from one another. Their peculiarities did not prevent them from being labelled with a homogenizing and supposedly explanatory set of tags, which, however, fulfilled propagandistic needs. These easily replicated tags became popular in social media, although only prevailed in the narratives of the unfolding events when they reached mainstream media. This triggered a phenomenon of transmedia propaganda. Through literature review and case studies we explore the background and evolution of two concepts -spring and revolution- used to categorize the facts and promote them as positive events. In a refined approach to the facts or as semantic counter-propaganda actions, we have also identified the alternative concepts of crisis and counter-revolution. Quantitative analysis, which shows data on the presence and frequency of the tags between January 2010 and January 2022, is a complement to content and discourse analyses that provide insight into the context and meanings with which tags are used. The wider or narrower spread and consolidation of these tags, in Arabic and English, shows the persuasive and categorizing power or weakness of these purposed definitions. It also talks about the real scope of social media, useful for agitation but ineffective tools for deep socio-political transformation.

Referències bibliogràfiques

  • AECID (2016). Programa Tahdir-Masar. Madrid: Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo.
  • Alkousaa, R. (2016). How Facebook hurt the Syrian Revolution. Al Jazeera, 4/12/2016. Recuperado de http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/12/facebook-hurt-syrian-revolution-161203125951577.html
  • Atassi, K. (2018). Syria, the strength of an idea. The Constitutional Architectures of its political regimes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Baczko, B. (1999). Los imaginarios sociales. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Nueva Visión.
  • Barthes, R. (2008). Mitologías. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI.
  • Bayat, A. (2021). The Arab Spring and Revolutionary Theory: An Intervention in a Debate. Journal of Historical Sociology, 34(2), 393-400. https://doi.org/10.1002/johs.12334
  • Bayat, A. (2017). Revolution without Revolutionaries: Making Sense of the Arab Spring. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Beissinger, M. R. (2007). Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: The Diffusion of Bulldozer/Rose/Orange/Tulip Revolutions. Perspectives on Politics, 5(2), 259-276. Recuperado de http://https://tinyurl.com/y8h5gy6e
  • Brownlee, B. J. y Ghiabi, M. (2016). Passive, Silent and Revolutionary: The ‘Arab Spring’ Revisited. Middle East Critique, 25(3), 299-316. https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1177919
  • Cammaerts, B. (2013). Banal revolution: the emptying of a political signifier. Mediascapes Journal, 1, 27-38. Recuperado de https://cutt.ly/8HIs66S
  • Calvert, P. (1970). A Study of Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Cherribi, S. (2017). Fridays of Rage: Al Jazeera, the Arab Spring, and Political Islam. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
  • Coleman, S. y Blumler, J. G. (2009). The Internet and democratic citizenship: Theory, practice and policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Conde, G. (Coord.) (2017). Siria en el torbellino: Insurrección, guerras y geopolítica. Ciudad de México: El Colegio de México.
  • Davies, N. (2008). Flat Earth News: an award-winning reporter exposes falsehood, distortion and propaganda in the Global Media. Londres: Random House.
  • Domenach, J. (1986). La propaganda política. Buenos Aires: EUDEBA.
  • Ellul, J. (1973). Propaganda. Nueva York: Vintage Books.
  • Elseewi, T. A. (2011). The Arab Spring: A Revolution of the Imagination. International Journal of Communication, 5, 1197-1206. Recuperado de https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/1237/596
  • Gambarato, R. R. y Tárcia, L. (2017). Transmedia strategies in journalism: An analytical model for the coverage of planned events. Journalism Studies, 18(11), 1381-1399. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2015.1127769
  • Gramsci, A. (1981). Cuadernos de la cárcel. Ciudad de México: Era.
  • Grohe, E. (2015). The cyber dimensions of the Syrian civil war: Implications for future conflict. Comparative Strategies, 34(2), 133-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2015.1017342
  • Hamid, S. (26 de abril de 2011). The Struggle for Middle East Democracy. Brookings Institution. Recuperado de https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-struggle-for-middle-east-democracy/
  • Hart, C. (2017). Metaphor and intertextuality in media framings of the (1984-1985) British miners’ strike: A multimodal analysis. Discourse & Communication, 11(1), 3-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481316683291
  • Hindman, M. (2009). The myth of digital democracy. Oxford: Princeton University Press.
  • Judah, T. (2000) Kosovo: war and revenge. Londres: Yale University Press
  • Khamis, S., Gold, P.B. y Vaughn, K. (28 de marzo de 2012). Beyond Egypt’s “Facebook Revolution” and Syria’s “YouTube Uprising:” Comparing Political Contexts, Actors and Communication Strategies. Arab Media & Society, 15. Recuperado de https://cutt.ly/oHIhOgv
  • King, S. (2020). The Arab Winter: Democratic Consolidation, Civil War, and Radical Islamists. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Laclau, E. (2015) ¿Por qué los significantes vacíos son importantes para la política? En S. Caggiano y A. Grimson (Coords.), Antología del pensamiento crítico argentino contemporáneo (pp. 85-95). Buenos Aires: Clacso. https://cutt.ly/mHIkI4y
  • Lasswell, H. (1948). The structure and function of communication in Society. En L. Bryson (Ed.), The Communication of ideas, (pp. 37-51). Nueva York: Harper and Row.
  • Losurdo, D. (1977). Antonio Gramsci: del liberalismo al ‘comunismo crítico’. Roma: Gamberetti.
  • Maass, P. (9 de abril de 2013). Did the Iraq War Bring the Arab Spring? The New Yorker. Recuperado de https://cutt.ly/LHIlMrO
  • Massad, J. (29 de agosto de 2012) The ‘Arab Spring’ and other American seasons. Al Jazeera. Recuperado de https://cutt.ly/oHImeDm
  • Momani, B. (10-12 de abril de 2014). The Arab Spring is Genuine Revolution, But a Bumpy and Arduous Road Ahead. The Institute for New Economic Thinking and CIGI. Toronto, Canada. Recuperado de https://cutt.ly/QHIWEd4
  • Morozov, E. (2011). The net delusion. The dark side of Internet freedom. Nueva York: Public Affairs.
  • Perelman, Ch. y Olbrechts-Tyteca, L. (2009). Traité de l’argumentation: la nouvelle rhétorique. Bruselas: Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles
  • Pérez Rastrilla, L. (2017). Kosovo: la primera operación de ataque de la OTAN. Información y propaganda en los medios de comunicación españoles. (Tesis doctoral). Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
  • Pizarro, A. (2003). Mitos y construcción del imaginario nacional cotidiano. Atenea, 487, 103-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-04622003048700008
  • Pizarroso, A. (1993). Historia de la Propaganda. Madrid: EUDEMA.
  • Putnam, R.D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Nueva York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Robinson, K. y Merrow, W. (2020). The Arab Spring at Ten Years: What’s the Legacy of the Uprisings? Council on Foreign Relations. Recuperado de https://cutt.ly/HHIW0hp
  • Roccu, R. (2017). Passive revolution revisited: From the Prison Notebooks to our ‘great and terrible world.’ Capital & Class, 41(3), 537-559. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309816817692120
  • Said, E. (2015). Orientalismo. Barcelona: Debolsillo.
  • Salt, J. (2012). Containing the “Arab Spring”. Interface, 4(1), 54-66.
  • Sapag, P. (2019). Siria en perspectiva. De una crisis internacionalmente mediatizada a la reconstrucción física y política. Madrid: Ediciones Complutense.
  • Sapag, P. (2020). La dictadura militar chilena y sus disímiles resultados propagandísticos. Del triunfo del credo neoliberal al aparente fracaso político (1973-1990). En A. Pena Rodríguez, M. V. Martíns Rodríguez, X. M. Baamonde Silva y M. Valderrama Santomé (Coords.), Comunicación social e opinión pública nas ditaduras Narrativas, idearios e representacións (pp. 212-229). Vigo, Universidade Vigo.
  • Satgar, V. (2008). Neoliberalized South Africa: Labour and the Roots of Passive Revolution. Labour, Capital and Society / Travail, Capital et Société, 41(2), 38-69. Recuperado de http://www.jstor.org/stable/43158335
  • Segal, A. (2011). De la primavera al otoño: ¿democracia «a lo árabe»? Agenda Internacional, 18(29), 55-66.
  • Shihade, M. (2012). On the Difficulty in Predicting and Understanding the Arab Spring: Orientalism, Euro-Centrism, and Modernity. International Journal of Peace Studies, 17(2), 57-70.
  • Shihade, M., Fominaya, C.F. y Cox, L. (2012). The season of revolution: the Arab Spring and European mobilizations. Interface: a journal for and about social movements, 4(1), 1-16.
  • Shulman, S.W. (2005). The Internet still might (but probably won’t) change everything: Stakeholder views on the future of electronic rulemaking. I/S: A Journal of Law and Policy for the Information Society, 1(1), 111-145.
  • Shulman, S.W. (2009). The case against mass e–mails: Perverse incentives and low quality public participation in U.S. federal rulemaking. Policy & Internet, 1(1), 23-53. https://doi.org/10.2202/1944-2866.1010
  • Simon, R. (2010). Passive revolution, perestroika, and the emergence of the new Russia. Capital & Class, 34(3), 429-448. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309816810378154
  • Touzeil-Divina, M. (2012). Arab Spring and Revolutions: a Revival of the Separation of Powers? Pouvoirs, 143(4), 29-45. Recuperado de https://cutt.ly/KHIR04z
  • Van Dijck, T. (2006). Discurso y manipulación: Discusión teórica y algunas aplicaciones. Revista Signos, 39(60), 49-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-09342006000100003
  • Wasserman, F. (2019). El mundo en movimiento. Buenos Aires: Miño y Dávila
  • Williams, K. (1997). The Prague Spring and its Aftermath. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Yildirim, A. y McCain, M. (2019). The Aftermath of the Arab Spring Protests: What a Public Opinion Survey Tells Us. Rice University’s Baker Institute for Public Policy. Recuperado de https://cutt.ly/uHITULo
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet