Valoración forense de la intoxicación por mefedronamodelo para el análisis de la violencia basado en una revisión sistemática

Referencias bibliográficas

• Alcázar-Córcoles, J. A. y Bezos-Saldaña, L. (2011). Cocaetileno y violencia: influencia de la Interacción cocaínaalcohol en la conducta antisocial. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica, 21, 49-55.
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition. Arlington, VA.
• Andreu, J. M., Ramírez, J. M. y Raine, A. (2006). Un modelo dicotómico de la agresión: valoración mediante dos auto-informes(CAMA y RPQ). Revista de Psicopatología Clínica, Legal y Forense, 6, 25-42.
• Aromatario, M., Bottoni, E., Santoni, M. y Ciacella, C. (2012). New “lethal highs”: a case of a deadly cocktail of GHB and mephedrone. Forensic Science International, 223, 38-41.
• Barrio, P., Gaskell, M., Goti, J., Vilardell, S. y Fàbregas, J. M. (2016). Persistent psychotic symptoms after longterm heavy use of mephedrone: a two-case series. Adicciones, 28(3), 154-157.
• Baumann, M. H., Partilla, J. S., Lehner, K. R., Thorndike, E. B., Hoffman, A. F., Holy, M., Rothman, R. B., Goldberg, S. R., Lupica, C. R., Sitte, H. H., Brandt, S. D., Tella, S. R., Cozzi, N. V., Schindler, C. W. (2013). Powerful cocaine-like actions of 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), a principal constituent of psychoactive “bath salts” products. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, 552-562.
• Bennett, K. H., Hare, H. M., Waller, R. M., Alderson, H. L. y Lawrie, S. (2017). Characteristics of NPS use in patients admitted to acute psychiatric services in Southeast Scotland: a retrospective cross-sectional analysis following public health interventions. BMJ Open, 7: e015716.
• Benzer, T. I., Nejad, S. H. y Flood, J. G. (2013). Case 40-2013: a 36-year-old man with Agitation and Paranoia. New England Journal of Medicine, 369(26), 2536-2545.
• Boletín Oficial del Estado N.º 34 de 9 de febrero de 2011, páginas 13595-13596. Orden SPI/201/2011, 3 de febrero, por la que se incluye la sustancia 4-metilmetcatinona (mefedrona) en el Anexo I del Real Decreto 2829/1977 de 6 de octubre. https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2011/02/09/pdfs/BOE-A-2011-2490.pdf
• Brennan, R. y Van Hout, M. C. (2012). Miaow Miaow: a review of the new psychoactive drug mephedrone. Drugs and Alcohol today, 12(4), 241-253.
• Brookman, F., Bennett, T. H. y Hills, R. (2016). The pleasures and pains of mephedrone use: perceptions of users and practitioners. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy.
• Brookman, F. y Bennet, T. H. (2017). Fighting like M-Cats and dogs: users’ perceptions of the link between mephedrone use and violence. European Journal of Criminology, 15(2)151-171.
• Calinski, D. M., Kisor, D. F. y Sprague, J. E. (2019). A review of the influence of functional group modifications to the core scaffold of synthetic cathinones on drug pharmacokinetics. Psychopharmacology, 236, 881– 890.
• Capriola, M. (2013). Synthetic cathinone abuse. Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications, 5, 109-115.
• Carrasco, J. J. y Maza, J. M. (2005). Manual de psiquiatría legal y forense. Madrid: La Ley.
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). Emergency department visits after use of a drug sold as “bath salts”: Michigan, november 13, 2010-March 31, 2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 60(19), 624-627.
• Curto, J., Dolengevich, H., Soriano, R. y Belza, M. J. (2020). Documento técnico: abordaje de la salud mental del usuario con prácticas de Chemsex. Ministerio de Sanidad. Madrid: MSD.
• Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea L322 del 8.12.2010, p. 44/45. Decisión del Consejo (2010/759/UE), de 2 de diciembre de 2010, por la que se somete la 4-metilmetcatinona (mefedrona) a medidas de control.
• Dolengevich-Segal, H., Rodríguez-Salgado, B., Gómez-Arnau, J. y Sánchez-Mateos, D. (2016). Severe psychosis, drug dependence, and hepatitis C related to slamming mephedrone. Case Reports in Psychiatry, Article ID 8379562.
• Drugs Enforcement Administration U.S. Department of Justice. (2020). Drugs of abuse: a DEA resource guide/ 2020 edition.
• Dujo, V., Horcajo-Gil, P. J. y González-Trijueque, D. (2016). Informe pericial psicológico: drogadicción y responsabilidad penal. Psicopatología Clínica Legal y Forense, 16(1), 114-128.
• Elliott, S. y Evans, J. (2014). A 3-year review of new psychoactive substances in casework. Forensic Science International, 243, 55-60.
• Esbec Rodríguez, E. y Echeburúa Odriozola, E. (2014). La prueba pericial en la jurisdicción penal en los consumidores de drogas y drogodependientes: una valoración integral. Psicopatología Clínica, Legal y Forense, 14, 189-215.
• Esbec Rodríguez, E. y Echeburúa Odriozola, E. (2016). Abuso de Drogas y delincuencia: consideraciones para una valoración forense integral. Adicciones, 28(1), 48-56.
• Fantegrossi, W. E., Gannon, B. M., Zimmerman, S. M. y Rice, K. C. (2013). In vivo effects of abused “bath salt” constituent 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) in mice: drug discrimination, thermoregulation and locomotor activity. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, 563-573.
• de Felice, L. J., Glennon, R. A. y Negus, S. S. (2014). Synthetic Cathinones: chemical phylogeny, physiology and Neuropharmacology. Life Science, 97(1), 20–26.
• Freeman, T. P., Morgan, C. J. A., Vaughn-Jones, J., Hussain, N., Karimi, K. y Curran, H. V. (2012). Cognitive and subjective effects of mephedrone and factors influencing use of a “new legal high.” Addiction, 107(4), 792-800.
• German, C. L., Fleckenstein, A. E. y Hanson, G. R. (2014). Bath salts and synthetic cathinones: an emerging designer drug phenomenon. Life Science, 27(1), 2-8.
• German, C. L., Hoonakker, A. H., Fleckenstein, A. E. y Hanson, G. R. (2014). Mephedrone alters basal ganglia and limbic neurotensin systems. Journal of Neurochemistry, 130(3), 402-407.
• Goldstein, P. J. (1985). The drugs/violence nexus: a tripartite conceptual framework. Journal of Drugs Issues, 39, 143-174.
• Gołembiowska, K., Jurczak, A., Kaminska, K., Noworyta-Sokołowska, K. y Górska, A. (2016). Effect of some psychoactive drugs used as “legal highs” on brain neurotransmitters. Neurotoxicity Research, 29, 394- 407.
• Gray, R., Bressington, D., Hughes, E. y Ivanecka, A. (2016). A systematic review of the effects of novel psychoactive substances “legal highs” on people with severe mental illness. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 22(5), 267-281.
• Green, A. R., King, M. V., Shortall, S. E. y Fone, K. C. F. (2014). The preclinical pharmacology of mephedrone; not just MDMA by another name. British journal of Pharmacology, 171, 2251-2268.
• Grela, A., Gautam, L. y Cole, M. D. (2018). A multifactorial critical appraisal of substances found in drug facilitated sexual assault cases. Forensic Science International, 292, 50-60.
• Hadlock, G. C., Webb, K. M., McFadden, L. M., Chu, P. W., Ellis, J. D., Allen, S. C., (…) Fleckenstein, A. E. (2011). 4-methylmetcathinone (mephedrone): neuropharmacological effects of a designer stimulant of abuse. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 339(2), 530–536.
• Hollander den, B., Rozov, S., Linden, A. M., Uusi-Oukari, M., Ojanperä, I. y Korpi, E. R. (2013). Long-term cognitive and neurochemical effects of “bath salt” designer drugs methylone and mephedrone. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 103, 501-509.
• Hollander den, B., Mateusz, D., Ojanperä, I., Kankuri, E., Hyytiä, P. y Korpi, E. R. (2015). Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging reveals differential long-term neuroadaptation after methamphetamine and the substituted cathinone 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone). International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 18(6), 1-9.
• Homman, L., Seglert, J. y Morgan, M. J. (2018). An observational study on the sub-acute effects of mephedrone on mood, cognition, sleep and physical problems in regular mephedrone users. Psychopharmacology, 235, 2609-2618.
• Imam, S. F., Patel, H., Mahmoud, M., Prakash, N. A., King, M. S. y Fremont, R. D. (2013).Bath saltsintoxication: a case series. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 45(3), 361-365.
• James, D., Adams, R. D., Spears, R., Cooper, G., Lupton, D. J., Thompson, J. P. y Thomas, S. H. L. (2010). Clinical characteristics of mephedrone toxicity reported to de UK National PoisonsInformation Service. Emergency Medical Journal, 28, 686-689.
• Jones, L., Reed. P., y Parrott, A. (2016). Mephedrone and 3,4-methylendioxymethanphetamine: comparative psychobiological effects as reported by recreational polydrug users. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30, 1313-1320.
• Karila, L., Billieux, J., Benyamina, A., Lançon, C. y Cottencin, O. (2016). The effects and risks associated to mephedrone and methylone in humans: a review of the preliminary evidences. Brain Research Bulletin, 126, 61-67.
• Karlsson, L., Andersson, M., Kronstrand, R. y Kugelberg, F. C. (2014). Mephedrone, methylone and 3,4- methylendioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) produce conditioned place preference in Mice. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, 115, 411-416.
• Liakoni, E., Gartwyl, F., Ricklin, M., Exadaktylos, A. K. y Krähenbühl, S. (2018). Psychoactive substances and violent offences: a retrospective analysis of presentations to an urban emergency department in Switzerland. PLoS ONE, 13(3), e0195234.
• Loeffler, G., Hurts, D., Penn, A. y Yung, K. (2012). Spice, bath salts, and the U.S. military: the emergence of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist and cathinones in the U.S. Armed Forces. Military Medicine, 177(9), 1041-1048.
• López-Rodríguez and A. B. y Viveros, M. P. (2019). Bath salts and polyconsumption: in search of drug-drug interactions. Psychopharmacology, 236, 1001-1014.
• Luethi, D., Kolaczyynska, K. E., Docci, L., Krähenbühl, S., Hoener, M. C. y Liechti, M. E. (2018). Pharmacological profile of mephedrone analogs and related new psychoactive substances. Neuropharmacology, 134, 4-12.
• Lusthof, K. J., Oosting, R., Maes, M., Verschraagen, M., Dijkhuizen, A. y Sprong, A. G. A. (2011). A case of extreme agitation and death after use of mephedrone in the Netherlands. Forensic Science International, 206, 93-95.
• Martín Ramírez, J. (2006). Bioquímica de la agresión. Psicopatología Clínica, Legal y Forense, 6, 43-66.
• Martínez-Clemente,J., Escubedo, E., Pubill, D. y Camarasa, J. (2012). Interaction of mephedrone with dopamine and serotonin targets in rats. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 22(3), 231-236.
• Martínez-Clemente, J., López-Arnau, R., Abad, S., Pubill, D., Escubedo, E. y Camarasa, J. (2014). Dose and timedependent selective neurotoxicity induced by mephedrone in mice. Plos one, 9(6), e99002.
• Martinotti, G., Lupi, M., Acciavatti, T., Cinosi, E., Santacroce, R., Signorelli, M. S. (…) di Giannantonio, M. (2014). Novel psychoactive substances in young adults with and without psychiatric comorbidities. BioMed Research International, ID 815424.
• Mash, D. C. (2016). Excited delirium and sudden death: a syndromal disorder at the extreme end of the neuropsychiatric continuum. Frontiers in Physiology, 7(435).
• Molins Pacual, S., Serrano, R., Ibarguchi, L. y Dolengevich Segal, H. (2019). Abordaje multidisciplinar del síndrome de abstinencia grave a ácido gamma-hidroxibutírico y 3-metilmetcatinona. Medicina Clínica Práctica, 2(1), 1-3.
• Murphy, C. M., Dulaney, A. R., Beuhler, M. C. y Kacinko, S. (2013). “Bath salts” and “plant food” products: the experience of one regional US Poison Center. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 9, 42-48.
• Observatorio Español de las Drogas y las Adicciones (2019). Informe 2019: alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilegales en España. Delegación del Gobierno para el plan nacional sobre Drogas.
• Odenwald, M., Neuner, F., Schauer, M., Elbert, T., Catani, C., Lingenfelder, B. (…) Rockstroh, B. (2005). Khat use as risk factor for psychotic disorders: a cross-sectional and case-control study in Somalia. BMC Medicine, 3(5).
• Oliver, C. F., Palamar, J. J., Salomone, A., Simmons, S. J., Philogene-Khalid, H. L. (…) Rawls, S. M. (2019). Synthetic cathinone adulteration of illegal drugs. Psychopharmacology, 236, 869-879.
• O’Neill, C. (2017). Behind closed doors: risks and recreational drug use in rural Northern Ireland. Journal of Rural Mental Health, 41(2), 97-109.
• Osuna-Carrillo, E. A. (2013). Imputabilidad y consumo de sustanciastóxicas: pericia psiquiátrico forense. Revista Española de Drogodependencias, 38(2), 109-115.
• Paillet-Lolier, M., Cesbron, A., Le Boisselier, R., Burgine, J. y Debruyne, D. (2014). Emerging drugs of abuse: current perspectives on substituted cathinones. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 5, 37-52.
• Pantano, F., Tittarelli, R., Mannocchi, G., Pacifici, R., di Luca, A., Busardò, F. P. y Marinelli, E. (2017). Neurotoxicity induced by mephedrone: an up-to-date review. Current Neuropharmacology, 15, 738-749.
• Parrott, A. C. (2018). Mood fluctuation and psychobiological instability: the same core functions are disrupted by novel psychoactive substances and established recreational drugs. Brain Sciences, 8(3), 43.
• Penders, T. M., Gestring, R. E. y Vilensky, D. A. (2012). Excited delirium following use of synthetic cathinones (bath salts). General Hospital Psychiatry, 34, 647-650.
• Perestelo-Pérez, L. (2013). Standards on how to develop and reportsystematic reviews in Psychology and Health. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 13, 49-57.
• Grupo de Trabajo del Plan Nacional sobre el SIDA (2019). Informe sobre Chemsex. España: Dirección General de Salud Pública Calidad e Innovación.
• Real Decreto 2819/1977, de 6 de octubre por el que se regulan las sustancias y preparados medicinales psicotrópicos, así como la fiscalización e inspección de su fabricación, distribución, prescripción y dispensación. Ministerio de Sanidad y Seguridad Social «BOE» núm. 274, de 16 de noviembre de 1977 Referencia: BOE-A-1977-27160.
• Rech, M. A., Donahey, E., Capiello Dziedzic, J. M., Oh, L. y Greenhalgh, E. (2015). New drugs of abuse. Pharmacotherapy, 35(2), 189-197.
• Roberts, L., Ford, N., Vale, J. A. y Bradberry, S. (2017). 11 analytically confirmed cases of mexedrone use among polydrug users. Clinical Toxicology, 55(3), 181-186.
• Ross, E. A. y Goldberg, B. A. (2011). “Bath salts” intoxication. New England Journal of Medicine, 365(10), 967- 968.
• Ross, E. A., Reisfield, G. M., Watson, M. C., Chonister, C. W. y Goldberg, B. A. (2012). Psychoactive “bath salts” intoxication with methylenedioxypyrovalerone. The American Journal of Medicine, 125(9), 854- 858.
• Shea, B. J., Reeves, B. C., Wells, G., Thuku, M., Hamel, C., Moran, J. (…) Henry, D. A. (2017). AMSTAR-2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic review that include randomized or non-randomized studies of healthcare interventions, or both. Research methods and reporting. BMJ, 358.j4008.
• Schifano, F., Corkery, J. y Ghodse, A. H. (2012). Suspected and confirmed fatalities associated with mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone, “meaw, meaw”) in the United Kingdom. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 32(5), 710-714.
• Simmons, S. J., Leyrer-Jackson, J. M., Oliver, C. F., Hicks, C., Muschamp, J. M., Rawls, S. M. y Olive, M. F. (2019). Dark classics in chemical neuroscience: cathinone-derived psychostimulants. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 9(10), 2379-2394.
• Spiller, H. A., Ryan, M., Weston, R. y Jansen, J. (2011). Clinical experience with and analytical confirmation of “bath salts” and “legal highs” (synthetic cathinones) in the United States. Clinical Toxicology, 49, 499- 505.
• Suyama, J. A., Banks, M. L. y Negus, S. S. (2019). Effects of repeated treatment with methcathinone, mephedrone and fenfluramine on intracranial self-stimulation in rats. Psychopharmacology, 236(3), 1057-1066.
• Thornton, S. L. y Gerona, R. R. (2012). Psychosis from a bath salt product containing flephedrone and MDPV with serum, urine and product quantification. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 8, 310-313.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2011). Guidelinesfor the forensic analysis of drugs facilitating sexual assault and other criminal acts. Viena: United Nations Office.
• Valente, M. J., Guedes de Pinho, P., Bastos, M. L., Carvalho, F. y Carvalho, M. (2014). Khat and synthetic cathinones: a review. Arch Toxicology, 88, 15-45.
• Vallersnes, O. M., Dines, A. M., Wood. D. M., Yates, C., Heyerdahl, F., Hovda, K. E. y Giraudon, I. (2016). Psychosis associated with acute recreational drug toxicity: a european case series. BMC Psychiatry, 16: 293.
• Van Hout, M. C. y Bingham, T. (2012). “A costly turn on”: patterns of use and perceived consequences of mephedrone based head shop products amongst irish injectors. International Journal of Drug Policy, 23, 188-197.
• World Health Organization (2014). Mephedrone: critical review report (Agenda item 4.12). Expert Committee on Drug Dependence.
• Zaro, I., Navazo, T., Vázquez, J., García, A. y Ibarguchi, L. (2016). Aproximación al Chemsex en España 2016. Imagina MÁS y Apoyo positivo. Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad.
• Zawilska, J. B. y Wojcieszak, J. (2013). Designer cathinones: an emerging class of novel recreational drugs. Forensic Science International, 231, 42-53.