Data journalism in Spain and Austriafeatures, organizational structure, limitations, and future perspectives

  1. Alba Córdoba-Cabús 1
  2. Brigitte Huber 2
  3. Pedro Farias-Batlle 1
  1. 1 Universidad de Málaga
    info

    Universidad de Málaga

    Málaga, España

    ROR https://ror.org/036b2ww28

  2. 2 University of Vienna
    info

    University of Vienna

    Viena, Austria

    ROR https://ror.org/03prydq77

Revista:
El profesional de la información

ISSN: 1386-6710,  1699-2407

Año de publicación: 2023

Título del ejemplar: Transparency

Volumen: 32

Número: 1

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.3145/EPI.2023.ENE.16 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: El profesional de la información

Resumen

Este artículo realiza una importante contribución a la investigación comparativa mediante el examen del periodismo de datos en España y Austria. Se analiza la práctica del periodismo de datos desde una triple perspectiva: (a) las características comunes de los trabajos de periodismo de datos diario; (b) la estructura organizacional y el rol de los equipos en las redacciones, y (c) los obstáculos y el futuro de las historias con datos. Los resultados del análisis de contenido de las historias publicadas en El país y Der standard (N = 136) evidencian diferencias y similitudes en la cobertura de temas, las fuentes, el estilo narrativo, las visualizaciones, las funciones interactivas y en los niveles de transparencia. Solo el 36,8% de las historias analizadas cumplen con el ideal de transparencia marcado, con la incorporación de mención a la fuente y a los detalles metodológicos. Aunque el periódico español muestra niveles de transparencia significativamente altos en comparación con el austriaco, ambos actúan de forma muy similar cuando se trata de permitir el acceso a los datos en bruto, ya que solo es posible en una de cada cinco historias. Los resultados de las entrevistas con los responsables de los equipos de datos ofrecen una visión interesante de los retos específicos a los que se enfrenta cada medio a la hora de confeccionar diariamente historias basadas en datos. Esta investigación confirma la relevancia que ha adquirido el periodismo de datos y demuestra el esfuerzo de los periodistas en países sin acceso a la información y sin ley de transparencia para crear proyectos de periodismo de datos.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Albarran, Alan (2009). The handbook of Spanish language media. New York: Routledge. ISBN: 978 0 415991018
  • Albert-Trinidad, Ramaris (2020). “Data journalism in the Spanish Caribbean digital media”. Anàlisi, num. extra, pp. 47-66. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev.analisi.3236
  • Anderson, Christopher-Williams (2015). “Between the unique and the pattern: Historical tensions in our understanding of quantitative journalism”. Digital journalism, v. 3, n. 3, pp. 349-363. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976407
  • Appelgren, Ester (2018). “Openness and transparency in the data journalism practice”. Nordicom information, v. 40, n. 1, pp. 76-77. https://www.nordicom.gu.se/sites/default/files/kapitel-pdf/appelgren.pdf
  • Appelgren, Ester; Lindén, Carl-Gustav (2020). “Data journalism as a service: Digital native data journalism expertise and product development”. Media and communication, v. 8, n. 2, pp. 62-72. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v8i2.2757
  • Appelgren, Ester; Lindén, Carl-Gustav; Van-Dalen, Arjen (2019). “Data journalism research: Studying a maturing field across journalistic cultures, media markets and political environments”. Digital journalism, v. 7, n. 9, pp. 1191-1199. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1685899
  • Appelgren, Ester; Nygren, Gunnar (2014). “Data journalism in Sweden: Introducing new methods and genres of journalism into ‘old’ organizations”. Digital journalism, v. 2, n. 3, pp. 394-405. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.884344
  • Appelgren, Ester; Salaverría, Ramón (2018). “The promise of the transparency culture: A comparative study of access to public data in Spanish and Swedish newsrooms”. Journalism practice, v. 12, n. 8, pp. 986-996. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2018.1511823
  • Arias-Robles, Félix; Carvajal, Miguel (2022). “Data journalists. Analysis of the sociodemographic profile of the professional in Spain and Latin America”. Estudios sobre el mensaje periodístico, v. 28, n. 1, pp. 621-637. https://doi.org/10.5209/esmp.76395
  • Arias-Robles, Félix; López-López, Pilar-José (2020). “Driving the closest information. local data journalism in the UK”. Journalism practice, v. 15, n. 5, pp. 638-650. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2020.1749109
  • Arrese, Ángel (2022). “In the beginning were the data: Economic journalism as/and data journalism”. Journalism studies, v. 23, n. 4, pp. 487-505. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2022.2032803
  • Ausserhofer, Julian; Gutounig, Robert; Oppermann, Michael; Matiasek, Sarah; Goldgruber, Eva (2017). “The datafication of data journalism scholarship: Focal points, methods, and research propositions for the investigation of data-intensive newswork”. Journalism, v. 21, n. 7, pp. 950-973. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917700667
  • Borges-Rey, Eddy (2016). “Unravelling data journalism: A study of data journalism practice in British newsrooms”. Journalism practice, v. 10, n. 7, pp. 833-843. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2016.1159921
  • Boy, Jeremy; Détienne, Françoise; Fekete, Jean-Daniel (2015). “Storytelling in information visualizations: Does it engage users to explore data?”. In: Proceedings of the 33rd annual ACM conference on human factors in computing systems. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702452
  • Bradshaw, Paul (2011). 6 ways of communicating data journalism. https://bit.ly/3dbcjDl
  • Camaj, Lindita; Martin, Jason; Lanosga, Gerry (2022). “The impact of public transparency infrastructure on data journalism: A comparative analysis between information-rich and information-poor Countries”. Digital journalism, online first. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2077786
  • Chaparro-Domínguez, María-Ángeles; Díaz-Campo, Jesús (2021). “Data journalism and ethics: Best practices in the winning projects (DJA, OJA and Sigma Awards)”. Journalism practice, online first. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1981773
  • Cheruiyot, David; Baack, Stefan; Ferrer-Conill, Raúl (2019). “Data journalism beyond legacy media: The case of African and European civic technology organizations”. Digital journalism, v. 7, n. 9, pp. 1215-1229. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1591166
  • Coddington, Mark (2015). “Clarifying journalism’s quantitative turn. A typology for evaluating data journalism, computational journalism and computer-assisted reporting”. Digital journalism, v. 3, n. 3, pp. 331-348. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976400
  • Córdoba-Cabús, Alba (2018). “Análisis del periodismo de datos en la campaña electoral del 20D a través de las ediciones digitales de diarios generalistas”. Estudios sobre el mensaje periodístico, v. 24, n. 1, pp. 137-154. https://doi.org/10.5209/esmp.59942
  • Córdoba-Cabús, Alba (2020). “Estándares de calidad en el periodismo de datos: fuentes, narrativas y visualizaciones en los Data Journalism Awards 2019”. Profesional de la información, v. 29, n. 3, e290328. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.may.28
  • Córdoba-Cabús, Alba; García-Borrego, Manuel (2020). “Visualisations as a critical information source for data journalism. Analysis of the typology, interactivity, and functions in the 2019 Data Journalism Awards”. Doxa comunicación, n. 31, pp. 87-105. https://doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n31a4
  • Córdoba-Cabús, Alba; García-Borrego, Manuel (2021). “Evolución de la transparencia en el periodismo de datos de referencia. Estudio de las historias publicadas entre 2018 y 2019”. Icono14, v. 19, n. 2, pp. 364-387. https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v19i2.1648
  • Córdoba-Cabús, Alba; García-Borrego, Manuel; López-Martín, Álvaro (2020). “El periodismo de datos durante la crisis sanitaria del Covid-19 en la prensa española”. RISTI, E35, pp. 325-337. http://www.risti.xyz/issues/ristie35.pdf
  • Cortés-del-Alamo, Helena; Luengo, María; Elías, Carlos (2018). “Periodismo de datos y transparencia al margen de los grandes medios: Un estudio comparativo de Civio y ProPublica”. Icono14, v. 16, n. 2, pp. 66-87. https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v16i2.1177
  • Costa-Sánchez, Carmen; López-García, Xosé (2020). “Comunicación y crisis del coronavirus en España. Primeras lecciones”. Profesional de la información, v. 29, n. 3, e290304. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.may.04
  • Cushion, Stephen; Lewis, Justin; Callaghan, Robert (2017). “Data journalism, impartiality and statistical claims”. Journalism practice, v. 11, n. 10, pp. 1198-1215. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2016.1256789
  • Davenport, Thomas (2014). 10 kinds of stories to tell with data. https://hbr.org/2014/05/10-kinds-of-stories-to-tell-with-data
  • De-Lima-Santos, Mathias-Felipe; Schapals, Aljosha-Karim; Bruns, Axel (2020). “Out-of-the-box versus in-house tools: how are they affecting data journalism in Australia?”. Media international Australia, v. 181, n. 1, pp. 152-166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X20961569
  • De-Lima-Santos, Mathias-Felipe; Mesquita, Lucia (2021). “The strategic value of data journalism”. In: Salaverría, Ramón; De-Lima-Santos, Mathias-Felipe (eds.). Journalism, data and technology in Latin America. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 97-136. ISBN: 978 3 030 65860 1
  • De-Maeyer, Juliette; Libert, Manon; Domingo, David; Heinderyckx, François; Le-Cam, Florence (2015). “Waiting for data journalism: A qualitative assessment of the anecdotal take-up of data journalism in French-speaking Belgium”. Digital journalism, v. 3, n. 3, pp. 432-446. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976415
  • Ëkström, Mats; Westlund, Oscar (2019). “Epistemology and journalism”. Journalism studies. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.806
  • Figl, Bettina (2017). Bigger is not always better: what we can learn about data journalism from small newsrooms. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/bigger-not-always-better-what-we-can-learn-about-data-journalism-small-newsrooms
  • Fink, Katherine; Anderson, Christopher Williams (2015). “Data journalism in the United States: Beyond the usual suspects”. Journalism studies, v. 16, n. 4, pp. 467-481. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2014.939852
  • Gray, Jonathan; Bounegru, Liliana; Chambers, Lucy (2012). The data journalism handbook. Sebastopol: European Journalism Centre; O’Reilly Media. ISBN: 978 1 449 33006 4
  • Grünangerl, Manuela; Trappel, Josef; Tomaz, Tales (2021). “Austria: Confirmed democratic performance while slowly digitalizing”. In: Trappel, Josef; Tomaz, Tales (eds.). The media for democracy monitor 2021: How leading news media survive digital transformation. Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg, pp. 95-152. https://doi.org/10.48335/9789188855404-3
  • Hallin, Daniel; Mancini, Paolo (2004). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 0 521 83535 6
  • Hayes, Arthur; Singer, Jane; Ceppos, Jerry (2007). “Shifting roles, enduring values: the credible journalist in a digital age”. Journal of mass media ethics, v. 22, n. 4, pp. 79-262. https://doi.org/10.1080/08900520701583545
  • Heravi, Bahareh (2018). “3WS of data journalism education”. Journalism practice, v. 13, n. 3, pp. 349-366. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2018.1463167
  • Heravi, Bahareh; Lorenz, Mirko (2020). “Data journalism practices globally: Skills, education, opportunities, and values”. Journalism and media, v. 1, n. 1, pp. 26-40. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia1010003
  • Holovaty, Adrian (2006). “A fundamental way newspaper sites need to change”. Holovaty.com, 6th September. http://www.holovaty.com/writing/fundamental-change
  • Howard, Alexander-Benjamin (2014). The art and science of data-driven journalism. Tow Center for Digital Journalism, Columbia Journalism School. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8Q531V1
  • Hyder, Mohammed; Nahid, Ibrahim (2019). “Press data and information graphics, prospects and challenges of development in the Arab World”. American journal of computer science and technology, v. 2, n. 4, pp. 48-51. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcst.20190204.11
  • Igartua, Juan-José (2006). Métodos cuantitativos de investigación en comunicación. Barcelona: Bosh. ISBN: 978 84 97902717
  • Karlsson, Michael (2010). “Rituals of transparency: Evaluating online news outlets’ uses of transparency rituals in the United States, United Kingdom and Sweden”. Journalism studies, v. 11, n. 4, pp. 535-545. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616701003638400
  • Kashyap, Geeta; Bhaskaran, Harikrishnan; Mishra, Harsh (2020). “We need to find a revenue model: Data journalists’ perceptions on the challenges of practicing data journalism in India”. Observatorio, v. 14, n. 2, pp. 121-136. https://doi.org/10.15847/obsOBS14220201552
  • Kashyap, Geeta; Mishra, Harsh; Bhaskaran, Harikrishnan (2022). “Data journalists’ perception and practice of transparency and interactivity in Indian newsrooms”. Media Asia. https://doi.org/10.1080/01296612.2022.2076324
  • Knight, Megan (2015). “Data journalism in the UK: a preliminary analysis of form and content”. Journal of media practice, v. 16, n. 1, pp. 55-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/14682753.2015.1015801
  • Lewis, Norman; Nashmi, Eisa (2019). “Data journalism in the Arab Region: Role conflict exposed”. Digital journalism, v. 7, n. 9, pp. 1200-1214. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1617041
  • Loosen, Wiebke; Reimer, Julius; Schmidt, Fenja (2017). “Data-driven reporting: An on-going (r)evolution? An analysis of projects nominated for the Data Journalism Awards 2013-2016”. Journalism: theory, practice & criticism, v. 21, n. 9, pp. 1246-1263. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917735691
  • Lowrey, Wilson; Hou, Jue (2018). “All forest, no trees? Data journalism and the construction of abstract categories”. Journalism, v. 22, n. 1, pp. 35-51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918767577
  • Mayer-Schönberger, Viktor; Cukier, Kenneth (2013). “Big data: A revolution that will transform how we live, work, and think”. American journal of epidemiology, v. 179, n. 9, pp. 1143-1144. ISBN: 978 0 544227750 https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu085
  • Mutsvairo, Bruce; Bebawi, Saba; Borges-Rey, Eddy (2020). Data journalism in the Global South. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN: 978 3 030251772
  • Ohlsson, Jonas (2015). “The Nordic media market 2015”. Nordic research on media and communication, v. 36, n. 1, pp. 157-158. ISBN: 978 91 87957 05 5
  • Ojo, Adegboyega; Heravi, Bahareh (2018). “Patterns in award winning data storytelling: Story types, enabling tools and competences”. Digital journalism, v. 6, n. 6, pp. 693-718. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1403291
  • Parasie, Sylvain; Dagiral, Eric (2012). “Data-driven journalism and public good: ‘Computer-assisted-reporters’ and ‘programmer-journalists’ in Chicago”. New media & society, v. 15, n. 6, pp. 853-871. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812463345
  • Pereira, Fabio-Henrique; Mastrella, Bruna (2022). “Practice of data-driven journalism in Brazil: Between disruption and the reinstatement of professional values”. Digital journalism, v. 10, n. 4, pp. 599-625. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2061550
  • Porlezza, Colin (2019). “Data journalism and the ethics of open source: Transparency and participation as a prerequisite for serving the public good”. In: Daly, Angela; Devitt, Kate; Mann, Monique (eds.). Good data. Theory on demand. Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures, pp. 189-201. ISBN: 978 94 92302 27 4
  • Porlezza, Colin; Splendore, Sergio (2019). “From open journalism to closed data: Data journalism in Italy”. Digital journalism, v. 7, n. 9, pp. 1230-1252. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1657778
  • Reuters Institute (2021). Digital News Report. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2021-06/Digital_News_Report_2021_FINAL.pdf
  • Rogers, Simon (2014). “Data journalism is the new punk”. British journalism review, v. 25, n. 2, pp. 31-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956474814538181
  • Rojas-Torrijos, José-Luis; Rivera-Hernández, Agustín (2016). “El español y El confidencial, exponentes del periodismo deportivo en los medios nativos digitales españoles”. Doxa comunicación, n. 23, pp. 171-193. https://revistascientificas.uspceu.com/doxacomunicacion/article/view/554
  • RTI (2022). Global right to information rating map. https://www.rti-rating.org
  • Rubio-Jordán, Ana-Virginia (2021). “Periodismo de datos y prensa nativa digital: cobertura de la campaña electoral del 10N a través de El confidencial, Eldiario.es y El español”. Doxa comunicación, n. 32, pp. 289-303. https://doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n32a14
  • Salaverría, Ramón; Gómez-Baceiredo, Beatriz (2017). Spain. Media landscapes. https://medialandscapes.org/country/spain
  • Sanahuja, Rosana; López, Pablo (2021). “Journalistic applications of artificial intelligence. Concept map, professional roles and developing trends in the context of the global Covid-19 pandemic”. Razón y palabra, v. 25, n. 112, pp. 432-449. https://doi.org/10.26807/rp.v25i112.1827
  • Sánchez-Calero, María-Luisa; Mancinas-Chávez, Rosalba (2017). “Periodismo con datos no es igual que periodismo de datos”. TecCom studies, n. 8, pp. 53-69. http://www.teccomstudies.com/index.php?journal=teccomstudies&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=49
  • Sandoval-Martín, Teresa; La-Rosa, Leonardo (2018). “Big data as a differentiating sociocultural element of data journalism: the perception of data journalists and experts”. Communication and society, v. 31, n. 4, pp. 193-209. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.31.4.193-209
  • Schumelmeister, Rolf (2003). “Taxonomy of multimedia component interactivity: a contribution to the current metadata debate”. SComS: New media in education, pp. 61-80. https://bit.ly/2VBfGyc
  • Segel, Edward; Heer, Jeffrey (2010). “Narrative visualization: Telling stories with data”. IEEE Transactions on visualization and computer graphics, v. 16, n. 6, pp. 1139-1148. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2010.179
  • Splendore, Sergio; Di-Salvo, Philip; Eberwein, Tobias; Groenhart, Harmen; Kus, Michal; Porlezza, Colin (2016). “Educational strategies in data journalism: A comparative study of six European countries”. Journalism, v. 17, n. 1, pp. 138-152. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884915612683
  • Stalph, Florian (2018). “Classifying data journalism: A content analysis of daily data-driven stories”. Journalism practice, v. 12, n. 10, pp. 1332-1350. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2017.1386583
  • Stalph, Florian; Borges-Rey, Eddy (2018). “Data journalism sustainability: An outlook on the future of data-driven reporting”. Digital journalism, v. 6, n. 8, pp. 1078-1089. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1503060
  • Tabary, Constance; Provost, Anne-Marie; Trottier, Alexandre (2016). “Data journalism’s actors, practices and skills: A case study from Quebec”. Journalism, v. 17, n. 1, pp. 66-84. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884915593245
  • Tandoc, Edson; Oh, Soo-kwang (2017). “Small departures, big continuities?: Norms, values, and routines in The Guardian’s big data journalism”. Journalism studies, v. 18, n. 8, pp. 997-1015. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2015.1104260
  • Teruel-Rodríguez, Laura; Blanco-Castilla, Elena (2016). “El periodismo de datos en los medios de referencia españoles”. Trípodos, n. 38, pp. 13-30. http://www.tripodos.com/index.php/Facultat_Comunicacio_Blanquerna/article/view/322
  • Tong, Jingrong (2021). “Paradigm reinforcing: The assimilation of data journalism in the United Kingdom”. Journal of applied journalism & media studies. https://doi.org/10.1386/ajms_00043_1
  • Tong, Jingrong (2022). “Rethinking the expertise of data journalists: A case study”. International journal of communication, n. 16, pp. 2781-2800. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18008
  • Tong, Jingrong; Zuo, Landong (2021). “The inapplicability of objectivity: Understanding the work of data journalism”. Journalism practice, v. 15, n. 2, pp. 153-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2019.1698974
  • Toonders, Joris (2014). “Data is the new oil of the digital economy”. Wired, 7th July. https://cutt.ly/oX8nEjQ
  • Uskali, Turo; Kuutti, Heikki (2015). “Models and streams of data journalism”. The journal of media innovations, v. 2, n. 1, pp. 77-88. https://doi.org/10.5617/jmi.v2i1.882
  • Van-Dijck, Jose (2014). “Datafication, dataism and dataveillance: Big data between scientific paradigm and ideology”. Surveillance & society, v. 12, n. 2, pp. 197-208. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v12i2.4776
  • Veglis, Andreas; Bratsas, Charalampos (2017). “Reporters in the age of data journalism”. Journalism & media studies, v. 6, n. 2, pp. 225-244. https://doi.org/10.1386/ajms.6.2.225_1
  • Wright, Kate; Zamith, Rodrigo; Bebawi, Saba (2019). Data journalism beyond majority world countries: Challenges and opportunities. Digital journalism, v. 7, n. 9, pp. 1295-1302. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1702472
  • Wu, Shangyuan (2022). “Evaluating ‘exemplary data journalism’ from Asia: An exploration into South China Morning Post’s data stories on China and the world”. Journalism. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849221093509
  • Yi, Ji-Soo; Ah-Kang, Youn; Stasko, John (2007). “Toward a deeper understanding of the role of interaction visualization”. IEEE Transactions on visualization and computer graphics, v. 13, n. 6, pp. 1224-1231.
  • Young, Mary-Lynn; Hermida, Alfred; Fulda, Johanna (2018). “What makes for great data journalism?: A content analysis of data journalism awards finalists 2012-2015”. Journalism practice, v. 12, n. 1, pp. 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2016.1270171
  • Zamith, Rodrigo (2019). “Transparency, interactivity, diversity, and information provenance in everyday data journalism”. Digital journalism, v. 7, n. 4, pp. 470-489. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1554409
  • Zhang, Shuling; Feng, Jieyun (2019). “A step forward? Exploring the diffusion of data journalism as journalistic innovations in China”. Journalism studies, v. 20, n. 9, pp. 1281-1300. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1513814
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet