Study, development and improvement of mcm41-type msn synthesis oriented to biomedical applications

Resumen

The present PhD thesis, entitled "Study, development and improvement of MCM-41-type mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) synthesis oriented to biomedical applications" is focused on the synthesis, characterisation, study and evaluation of different MCM-41-type MSN samples to improve the knowledge of MSN as nanomaterials involved in biomedical applications. The first chapter of this work is a general introduction about the items that are going to be treated throughout the thesis. On the one hand, the main concepts about the mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and in particular MCM-41-type MSN, are introduced, such as their discovery, their properties, advantages, and applications, their synthesis and the chemistry involved, and the possibility of being functionalised or doped to acquire additional and unique properties. On the other hand, a wide range of MSN characterisation techniques are presented highlighting their importance in the current thesis. Finally, the concepts of nanomedicine and nanomaterials are reviewed, including the set of requirements the nanomaterials must accomplish to be validated, the types of nanomaterials developed thus far, and the main bottlenecks found in clinical translation of nanomaterials. In this context, the studies of MSN in nanomedicine are reviewed, illustrating the challenges of MSN within the nanomedicine and the opportunity their offer to material science. Second chapter exposes the general objectives of present PhD thesis, which are addressed in the following chapters. Third chapter is based on an in-depth study of the synthesis mechanism of MCM-41-type MSN, considering the silica templating mechanism, the nucleation, the growth and the aging processes. Particularly, the early stages of the MSNs synthesis are substantially analysed. In addition, the different models reported about the silica templating mechanism, which are widely studied, are reviewed. Fourth chapter is focused on the investigation of the effect of some disregarded parameters on the synthesis and formation of MCM-41-type MSN, such as synthesis time, stirring rate, the magnetic stir bar used, TEOS addition rate and the neutralisation method once nanoparticles are formed. A review of the influence of the most studied synthesis parameters on MCM-41-type MSN is also introduced. Fifth chapter is based on the study of the obtaining, characterisation and manipulation of colloidal MCM-41-type MSN. First, a critical review of works that report the obtaining of colloidal, well-suspended or discrete MSN is presented. Second, a methodology to characterise the colloidal stability of MSN is introduced. Third, the colloidal behaviour of several nanoparticles under different conditions is studied and compared. And finally, a conceptual and operational framework about the principles governing the colloidal stability of nanoparticles is developed. Sixth chapter is a comprehensive study of the implications of the use of different surfactant removal procedures on standard MCM-41-type MSN, such as calcination at different temperatures and solvent extraction. The physicochemical properties of MSN studied are the surfactant removal efficiency, the silica condensation degree, the mesostructured framework, the colloidal stability and the surface reactivity. Additionally, the biocompatibility of nanoparticles was tested regarding their cytotoxicity and their degradation in a simulated physiological environment, to validate their use in biomedical applications. Finally, seventh chapter gathers the general conclusions of the current thesis, which summarise the conclusions obtained in each chapter, but also provide new perspectives and the big picture of the studied matter.