Evaluación de la gravedad del abuso de drogas en ChemSexpropuesta de un protocolo biosanitario sistemático para contextos clínicos y forenses

  1. Ricardo Paniagua Izquierdo 1
  2. Víctor Dujo López 1
  1. 1 Universidad Complutense de Madrid
    info

    Universidad Complutense de Madrid

    Madrid, España

    ROR 02p0gd045

Revista:
Psicopatología Clínica Legal y Forense

ISSN: 1576-9941

Año de publicación: 2022

Volumen: 22

Número: 1

Páginas: 29-62

Tipo: Artículo

DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Otras publicaciones en: Psicopatología Clínica Legal y Forense

Resumen

La adicción puede ser una lucha agonizante, cuyo sufrimiento se agrava ante la dificultad de acceder a una atención basada en el rigor científico. En este contexto, los nuevos patrones y sustancias de consumo adquieren especial relevancia, entre ellos, el ChemSex, que implica un uso sexualizado de drogas idiosincrásico. Este artículo propone un formato sistematizado de evaluación de la gravedad de las prácticas de ChemSex dirigido a contextos biosanitarios clínicos y forenses. Se ha realizado una búsqueda exhaustiva de la literatura especializada que ha permitido 1) dar justificación epidemiológica y sociodemográfica y 2) elaborar un modelo teórico del daño. Los resultados definieron un modelo teórico tetrafactorial (médico, toxicofílico, psicopatológico y forense) con una red nomológica de 17 subdimensiones indicativas de daño con fundamentación estadística. El modelo integral planteado articula el protocolo y es transversal a los riesgos específicos en sendos factores, lo que facilita unos criterios sistemáticos para valorar la gravedad del consumo en ChemSex.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association and National Council on Measurement in Education (2014). Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. Washington: American Educational Research Association.
  • Arunogiril, S., Foulds, J. A., McKetin, R. & Lubman, D. (2018). A systematic review of risk factors for methamphetamine-associated psychosis. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(6), 514-529. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867417748750.
  • Ayerdi-Aguirrebengoa, O., Vera-García, M., Puerta-López, T., Raposo-Utrilla, M., Rodríguez-Martín, C. & del Romero-Guerrero, J. (2017). ¿A quién proponer la profilaxis preexposición al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana? Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica, 35(5), 299- 302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eimc.2016.06.006
  • Bell, D. S. (1973). The experimental reproduction of amphethamine psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 29, 35-40.
  • Bell, L. & Collins, R. (2010). Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) dependence and withdrawal. Addiction, 106(2), 442-447. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03145.x.
  • Bohn, A., Sander, D., Köhler, T., Hees, N., Oswald, F., Scherbaum, N., Deimel, D. & Schecke, H. (2020). ChemSex and mental Health of men who have sex with men in Germany. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11: 542301. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.542301.
  • Busardó, F. P. & Jones, A. W. (2015). GHB Pharmacology and Toxicology: acute intoxication, concentrations in blood and urine in forensic cases and treatment of the withdrawal syndrome. Current Neuropharmacology, 13(1), 47-70. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X136661412102
  • Carretero-Dios, H. & Pérez, C. (2005). Normas para el desarrollo y revisión de estudios instrumentales. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 5(3), 521-551.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2011). Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus among HIV-infected men who have sex with men: New York City, 2005-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 60(28), 945–950. PMID: 21775948
  • Coll, J. & Fumaz, C. R. (2016). Drogas recreativas y sexo en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres: chemsex. Riesgos, problemas de salud asociados a su consumo, factores emocionales. Revista de Enfermedades Emergentes, 15(2), 77-84.
  • Contreras, A., Nieto, I., Valiente, C., Espinosa, R. & Vázquez, C. (2019). The Study of Psychopathology from the Network Analysis Perspective: A Systematic Review. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 88, 71-83. https://doi.org/10.1159/000497425.
  • Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 281–302.
  • Cruickshank, C. C. & Dyer, K. R. (2009). A review of the clinical pharmacology of methamphetamine. Addiction, 104, 1085-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02564.x
  • Curto, J., Dolengevich, H., Soriano, R., Belza, M. J. (2020). Documento técnico: abordaje de la salud mental del usuario con prácticas de ChemSex. Madrid: MSD y Ministerio de Sanidad.
  • Danta, M., Brown, D., Bhagani, S., Pybus, O. G., Sabin, C. A., Nelson, M., , Jhonson, A. M. & Dusheiko, M. (2007). Recent epidemic of acute hepatitis C virus in HIV-positive men who have sex with men linked to high-risk sexual behaviours. AIDS, 21(8), 983-991.
  • Darke, S., Peacock, A., Duflou, J., Farrell, M. & Lappin, J. (2020). Characteristics and circumstances of death related to gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB).Clinical Toxicology, 58(11), 1028-1033. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/15563650.2020.1726378.
  • Díez, M. & Díaz, A. (2011). Infecciones de transmisión sexual: epidemiología y control. Revista Española de Sanidad Penitenciaria, 13, 58-66.
  • Ding, Y., Lin, H., Zhou, L., Yan, H., & He, N. (2014). Adverse childhood experiences and interaction with methamphetamine use frequency in the risk of methamphetamine-associated psychosis. Drugs and Alcohol Dependence, 142, 295-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.04
  • Downing, S. M., & Haladyna, T. M. (2006). Handbook of test development. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Drückler, S., Rooijen, M. S. & Vries, H. J. C. (2018). Chemsex Among Men Who Have Sex With Men: a Sexualized Drug Use Survey Among Clients of the Sexually Transmitted Infection Outpatient Clinic and Users of a Gay Dating App in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Epidemiology, 45(5), 325-331. https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000753
  • Drückler, S., Speulman, J., van Rooijen, M., & de Vries, H. J. C. (2021). Sexual consent and chemsex: a quantitative study on sexualised drug use and non-consensual sex among men who have sex with men in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. BMJ Sexually Transmited Infections, 97(4), 268-275. https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2020-054840.
  • Drysdale, K., Bryant, J., Dowsett, G. W., Lea, T., Treloar, C., Aggleton, P. & Holt, M. (2021). Priorities and practices of risk reduction among gay and bisexual men in Australia who use crystal methamphetamine for sex. International Journal of Drug Policy, 93: 103163. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103163
  • Eisenberg, M. M. & Blanck, M. B. (2014). The Syndemic of the Triply Diagnosed: HIV Positives with Mental Illness and Substance Abuse or Dependence. Clinical Research in HIV/ AIDS 1(1): 1006.
  • Elliott, S. & Evans, J. (2014). A 3-year review of new psychoactive substances in casework. Forensic Science International, 243, 55-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.04.017
  • EMIS. (2017). The European Men-Who-Have-SexWith-Men Internet Survey. Key findings from 50 countries. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.
  • Fan, S., Yang, Z., Hou, F., Yu, M., Luo, Z., Liao, M., Gong, Y., Meng, X., Cai, Y. & Zou, H. (2019). HIV and syphilis and sexual risk behaviours among men who have sex with men attending university in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sexual Health, 16, 554-565. https://doi.org/ 10.1071/SH18231.
  • Fernández-Dávila, P. (2016). “Sesión de sexo, morbo y vicio”: una aproximación holística para entender la aparición del fenómeno Chemsex entre hombres gais, bisexuales y otros hombres que tienen sexo con hombres en España. Revista multidisciplinar del SIDA, 4(7), 41-65.
  • Fernández-Dávila, P. (2021). ¿Se puede hablar realmente de actos de “violencia sexual” en los contextos de chemsex? Reflexiones desde los entendimientos de los hombres que practican ChemSex y la cultura sexual gay. Health and Addictions, 21(1), 124-137.
  • Fisher, D. G., Reynolds, G. L., Ware, M. R. & Napper, L. E. (2011). Methamphetamine and Viagra Use: Relationship to Sexual Risk Behaviors. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(2), 273-279. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10508-009-9495-5.
  • Garvín, P., Arbelo, N., Monràs, M., Nuño, L., Bruguera, P., de la Mora, L., Martínez-Rebollar, M., Laguno, M., Blanch, J & Miquel, L. (2021). Uso de metanfetamina en el contexto ChemSex y sus consecuencias en la salud mental: un estudio descriptivo. Revista Española de Salud Pública, 95: e202108108. PMID: 34463310.
  • Grupo de estudio de SIDA de la SEIMC (GeSIDA). (2016). Recomendaciones sobre profilaxis PreExposición en adultos para la prevención de la infección por VIH en España. Recuperado de: https://gesida-seimc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/gesida-guiasclinicas-2016- profilaxis_pre-exposicionVIH.pdf
  • González-Baeza, A., Dolengevich-Segal, H., Pérez-Valero, I., Cabello, A., Téllez, M. J., Sanz, J., PérezLatorre, L., Bernandino, J. I., Troya, J., de la Fuente, S., Bisbal, O., Santos, I., Arponen, S., Hontañon, V., Casado, J. L. & Ryan, P. (2018). Sexualized Drug Use (Chemsex) Is Associated with High-Risk Sexual Behaviors and Sexually Transmitted Infections in HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men: Data from the U-SEX GESIDA 9416 Study. Behavioral and Psychosocial Research, 32(3), 112-118. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2017.0263
  • Grupo de Trabajo sobre Tratamientos del VIH. (2017). ChemSex y hepatitis C: una guía para profesionales sanitarios. Barcelona.
  • Guerras, J. M., Olalla, P. G., Belza, M. J., Fuente, L., Palma, D., del Romero, J., García-Pérez, J. N. & Hoyos, J. (2021). Sexualized drug injection among men who have sex with men in Madrid and Barcelona as the frst episode of drug injecting. Harm Reduction Jounal, 18: 86. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s12954-021-00531-2
  • Hampel, B., Kusejko, K., Kouyos, R. D., Böni, J., Flepp, M., Stöcke, M., Conen, A., Béguelin, C., Kunzler-Heule, P., Nicca, D., Schmidt, A. J., Nguyen, H., Delaloye, J., Rougemont, M., Bernasconi, E., Rauch, A., Gunthard, H. F., Braun D. L., & Fehr. J. (2019). Chemsex drugs on the rise: a longitudinal analysis of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study from 2007 to 2017. HIV Medicine, 21(4), 228-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.12821.
  • Heinsbroek, E., Glass, R., Edmunson, C., Hope, V. & Desai, M. (2018). Patterns of injecting and noninjecting drug use by sexual behaviour in people who inject drugs attending services in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, 2013-2016. International Journal of Drug Policy, 55, 215-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.02.017
  • Hibbert, M. P., Hillis, A., Brett, C. E., Porcellato, L. A. & Hope, V. D. (2021). A narrative systematic review of sexualised drug use and sexual health outcomes among LGBT people. International Journal of Drug Policy, 93: 103187. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103187
  • Hockenhull, J., Murphy, K. G. & Paterson, S. (2017). An observed rise in γ-hydroxybutyrate associated deaths in London: Evidence to suggest a possible link with concomitant rise in chemsex. Forensic Science International, 270, 93-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.11.039
  • HOMOSALUD. (2021). Consumo recreativo de drogas y su uso sexualizado (ChemSex) en hombres hay, bisexuales y otros hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (GBHSH) de España. Informe de resultados. Ministerio de Sanidad.
  • Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A., Sethi, D., Butchart, A., Mikton, C., Jones, L.a & Dunne, M. P. (2017). The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health, 2(8): e356-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468- 2667(17)30118-4.
  • Íncera-Fernández, D., Gámez-Guadiz, M., & Moreno-Guillén, S. (2021). Mental Health Symptoms Associated with Sexualized Drug use (Chemsex) among Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18: 13299. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413299
  • Íncera, D., Gámez, M., Ibarguchi, L., García, A., Zaro, I. & Alonso, A. (2022). Aproximación al chemsex 2021: Encuesta sobre hábitos sexuales y consumo de drogas en España entre hombre GBHSH. Madrid: Apoyo Positivo e Imagina Más.
  • Javaid, A. (2018). The interconnectedness of chemsex, drugs, sexual promiscuity and sexual violence. Irish Journal of Sociology, 26(2), 183-207. https://doi.org/10.1177/0791603518773703
  • Jeffries, W. L., Flores, S. A., Rooks-Peck, C. R., Geleaude, D., Belcher, L., Ricks, P. M., Millet, G. A. (2021). Experienced Homophobia and HIV Infection Risk Among U.S. Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Meta-Analysis. LGBT Health, 8(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2020.0274
  • Jin, F., Dore, G., Matthews, G., Luhmann, N., Macdonald, V., Bajis, S., Baggaley, R., Mathers, B., Verster, A. & Grulich, A. (2020). Prevalence and incidence of hepatitis C virus infection in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet: Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 6(1), 39-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30303-4
  • Jin Tan, R. K., Phua, K., Tan, A., Jin Gan, D. G., Priscilla Ho, L. P., Ong, E. J. & See, M. Y. (2021). Exploring the role of trauma in underpinning sexualised drug use (‘chemsex’) among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men in Singapore. International Journal of Drug Policy, 97:103333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103333.
  • Kalichman, S. C., Gore-Felton, C., Benotsch, E., Cage, M. & Rompa, D. (2004). Trauma symptoms, sexual behaviors, and substance abuse: correlates of childhood sexual abuse and HIV risks among men who have sex with men. Journal of Chils Sexual Abuse, 13(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/ 10.1300/J070v13n01_01.
  • Kapitány-Fövény, M., Mervó, B., Kertész, M., Corazza, O., Farkas, J., Kökönyei, G., Urbán, R. & Demetrovics, Z. (2015). Is there any difference in patterns of use and psychiatric symptom status between injectors and non-injectors of mephedrone? Human Psychopharmacology, 30, 233-243. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2490.
  • King, M., Semlyen, J., See Tai, S., Killaspy, H., Orborn, D., Popelyuk, D. & Nazareth, I. (2008). A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry, 18(8): 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-8-70.
  • Kohli, M., Hickson, F., Free, C., Reid, D. and Weatherburn, P. (2019). Cross-sectional analysis of chemsex drug use and gonorrhoea diagnosis among men who have sex with men in the UK. Sexual Health, 16(5), 464-472. https://doi.org/10.1071/SH18159.
  • Lafortune, D., Blais, M., Miller, M., Dion, L., Lalonde, F. & Dargis, L. (2021). Psychological and Interpersonal Factors Associated with Sexualized Drug Use Among Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 50(2), 427-460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01741-8.
  • Lawn, W., Aldridge, A., Xia, R. & Winstrock, A. R. (2019). Substance-Linked Sex in Heterosexual, Homosexual, and Bisexual Men and Women: An Online, Cross-Sectional “Global Drug Survey” Report. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 16, 721-732.
  • Lloyd, S. & Operatio, D. (2012). HIV risk among men who have sex with men have experienced childhood sexual abuse: systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS Education and Prevention, 24(3), 228–241. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2012.24.3.228.
  • Lopez-Patton, M., Kumar, M., Jones, D., Fonseca, M., Kumar, A. M. & Nemeroff, C. B. (2016). Childhood trauma and METH abuse among men who have sex with men: Implications for intervention. Journal of Psychiatry Research, 72, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.09.009.
  • Malekinejad, M., Barker, E. K., Merai, R., Lyles, C. M., Bertein, K. T., Sipe, T. A., DeLuca, J. B., Ridpath, A. D., Gift, T. L., Tailor, A. T. and Khan, J. G. (2021). Risk of HIV acquisition among men who have sex with men infected with bacterial sexually transmitted infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 48(10), 138-148. https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001403.
  • Maxwell, S., Shahmanesh, M. & Gafos, M. (2019). Chemsex behaviours among men who have sex with men: A systematic review of the literature. International Journal of Drug Policy, 63, 74-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.11.014.
  • McDonough, M., Kennedy, N., Glasper, A. & Bearn, J. (2004). Clinical features and management of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) withdrawal: a review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 75, 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.01.012.
  • McKetin, R., Baker, A. L., Dawe, S., Voce, A. & Lubman, D. I. (2017). Differences in the symptom profile of methamphetamine-related psychosis and primary psychotic disorders. Psychiatry research, 251, 349-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.028.
  • Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, Social Stress, and Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations: Conceptual Issues and Research Evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674- 697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
  • Miltz, A. R., Rodger, A. J., Sewell, J., Gilson, R., Allan, S., Scott, C., Sadig, T., Farazmand, P., McDonnell, J., Speakman, A., Sherr, L., Phillips, A. N., Johnson, A. M., Collins, S., & Lampe, F. C. (2021). Recreational drug use and use of drugs associated with chemsex among HIVnegative and HIV-positive heterosexual men and women attending sexual health and HIV clinics in England. International Journal of Drug Policy, 91: 103101. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103101
  • Ministerio de Sanidad (2020). Documento técnico, abordaje del fenómeno ChemSex. Secretaría del Plan Nacional Sobre el SIDA. Recuperado de: https://www.sanidad.gob.es/ca/ciudadanos/enfLesiones/enfTransmisibles/sida/chemSex/docs/ DocumentoDEF.pdf
  • Morris, S. (2018). Too painful to think about: chemsex and trauma. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 19(1), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.1108/DAT-11-2018-0067.
  • Muñiz, J. & Fonseca-Pedrero, E. (2019). Diez pasos para la construcción de un test. Psicothema, 31(1), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2018.291
  • NEPTUNE (2015). Guidance on the Clinical Management of Acute and Chronic Harms of Club Drugs and Novel Psychoactive Substances. The Health Fundation, London
  • Paniagua Izquierdo, R. & Dujo López, V. (2019). Valoración forense de la intoxicación por mefedrona: modelo para el análisis de la violencia basado en una revisión sistemática. Psicopatología Clínica, Legal y Forense, 19, 127.149.
  • Paniagua Izquierdo, R. & Dujo López, V. (2021). Valoración forense de la intoxicación por catinonas sintéticas. XIII Congreso Internacional de Psicología Jurídica y Forense (pp. 98-100). Sociedad Española de Psicología Jurídica y Forense.
  • Paniagua Izquierdo, R. & Dujo López, V. (2022). Agresiones sexuales bajo sumisión química en contexto de ChemSex: una revisión sistemática. XIV Congreso Internacional de Psicología Jurídica y Forense (pp. 176-178). Sociedad Española de Psicología Jurídica y Forense.
  • Paniagua Izquierdo, R. (2021). Correlatos psicopatológicos en individuos con prácticas de ChemSex y sus principales drogas de diseño desde una perspectiva psicosocial. Boletín del Área de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental del Hospital 12 de Octubre, 71, 11-30.
  • Plan Nacional Sobre el SIDA: PNS. (2019). Informe sobre ChemSex en España. Grupo de Trabajo sobre ChemSex, Ministerio de Sanidad.
  • Plan Nacional Sobre el SIDA: PNS. (2020). Abordaje del fenómeno ChemSex. Ministerio de Sanidad.
  • Plankey, M. W., Ostrow, D. G., Stall, R., Cox, C., Li, X., Peck, A. and Jacobson, L. P. (2012). The relationship between methamphetamine and popper use and risk of HIV seroconversion in the multicenter AIDS cohort Study. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrom, 45(1), 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3180417c99.
  • Platt, L., Easterbrook, P., Gower, E., McDonald, B., Sabin, K., McGowan, C., Yanny, I., Razavi, H. and Vickerman, P. (2016). Prevalence and burden of HCV co-infection in people living with HIV: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 16(7), 979-808. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00485-5.
  • Pufall E.R, Kall, M., Shahmanesh, M., Nardone, A., Gilson, R., Delpech, V. and Ward, H. (2016). Chemsex and high-risk sexual behaviours in HIVpositive men who have sex with men. Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Boston, Poster 913. Disponible en:
  • Pufall E.R, Kall, M., Shahmanesh, M., Nardone, A., Gilson, R., Delpech, V. and Ward, H. (2018). Sexualized drug use (‘chemsex’) and high-risk sexual behaviours in HIV-positive men who have sex with men. HIV Medicine, 19, 261-270.
  • Del Romero, J., García-Pérez, J. & Espasa-Soley, M. (2019). Prevención y tratamiento de las infecciones de transmisión sexual en personas con alto riesgo, incluyendo pacientes infectados por el VIH. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica, 37(2), 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eimc.2018.11.008.
  • Rooks-Peck, C. R., Adegbite, A. H., Wichser, M. E., Ramshaw, R., Mullins, M. M., Higa, D. & Ann Sipe, T. (2018). Mental Health and Retention in HIV Care: A Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis. Health Psychology, 17(6), 574-585.
  • Ross, M. W., Berg, R. C., Schmidt, A., Hospers, H. J., Breveglieri, M., Furegato, M. & Weatherburn, P. (2013). Internalised homonegativity predicts HIV-associated risk behavior in European men who have sex with men in a 38-country cross-sectional study: some public health implications of homophobia. BMJ Open, 2013;3:e001928.
  • Ryan, C., Huebner, D., Diaz, R. M. & Sanchez, J. (2009). Family Rejection as a Predictor of Negative Health Outcomes in White and Latino Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Young Adults. Pediatrics, 123(1), 346-352. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-3524
  • Schmidt, A. J., Rockstroh, J. K., Vogel, M., An der Heiden, M., Baillot, A., Krznaric, I. & Radun, D. (2011). Trouble with Bleeding: Risk Factors for Acute Hepatitis C among HIV-Positive Gay Men from Germany—A CaseControl Study. PLOS One, 6(3): e17781. https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0017781.
  • Schreck, B., Victorri-Vigneau, C., Guerlais, M., Laforgue, E. and Grall-Bronnec, M. (2021). Slam Practice: A Review of the Literature. European addiction research, 27(3), 161-178. https://doi.org/ 10.1159/000511897.
  • Semple, S. J., Patterson, T. L., & Grant, I. (2004). Psychosocial characteristics and sexual risk behaviour of HIV+ men who have Anonymous sex partners. Psychology and Health, 19(1), 71-87. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/08870440310001627144.
  • Smith, G. T. (2005). On Construct Validity: Issues of Method and Measurement. Psychological Assessment, 17(4), 396-408. DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.17.4.396.
  • Soriano Ocón, R. (2022). El fenómeno ChemSex: claves para mejorar la respuesta institucional. Revista Española de Drogodependencias, 47(3), 5-13. ISSN 0213-7615.
  • Stuart, D. (2013). Sexualised drug use by MSM: background, current status and response. HIV Nursing, 13(1), 6-10.
  • Stuart, D. (2019). Chemsex: origins of the word, a history of the phenomenon and a respect to the culture. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 19(1), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1108/DAT-10-2018-0058
  • Tomkins, A., George, R. & Kliner, M. (2019). Sexualised drug taking among men who have sex with men: a systematic review. Perspectives in Public Health, 138(1), 22-33.
  • UNODC: Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Crimen. (2018). NPS: Nuevas sustancias Psicoactivas. Sistema de Alerta Temprana de las NPS de la UNODC. https://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/NPS_leaflet_S_2018_WEB.pdf
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2022). World Drug Report 2022. Executive Summary: Policy Implications. https://www.unodc.org/res/wdr2022/MS/WDR22_Booklet_1.pdf
  • World Health Organization. (2015). WHO Expands recommendation on oral preexposure prophylaxis of HIV infection (PrEP). November; 2015.
  • Zhang, Y., Bao, R., Leuba, S. I., Li, J., Wang, H., Zhang, J., Chu, Z., Geng, W., Jiang, Y., & Xu, J. (2020). Association of nitrite inhalants use and nprotected anal intercourse and HIV/ syphilis infection among MSM in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 20(1): 1378. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s12889-020-09405-x.
  • Zaro, I., Navazo, T., Vazquez, J., García, A. & Ibarguchi, L. (2016). Aproximación al ChemSex en España, 2016. Ministerio de Sanidad, Apoyo Positivo e Imagina más.
  • Zeglin, R. J. (2015). Assessing the Role of Masculinity in the Transmission of HIV: A Systematic Review to Inform HIV Risk Reduction Counseling Interventions for MSM. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 44(7), 1979-1990. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0501-9.
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet