Electromyographic Activity of the Pelvic Floor Muscles and Internal Oblique Muscles in Women during Running with Traditional and Minimalist Shoes: A Cross-Over Clinical Trial

  1. García Arrabé, María 1
  2. García Fernández, Pablo 2
  3. Díaz Arribas, María José 2
  4. López Marcos, José Javier 2
  5. González de la Flor, Ángel 1
  6. Estrada Barranco, Cecilia 1
  7. Roy, Jean Sébastien 3
  1. 1 Universidad Europea de Madrid
    info

    Universidad Europea de Madrid

    Madrid, España

    ROR https://ror.org/04dp46240

  2. 2 Universidad Complutense de Madrid
    info

    Universidad Complutense de Madrid

    Madrid, España

    ROR 02p0gd045

  3. 3 Laval University
    info

    Laval University

    Quebec, Canadá

    ROR https://ror.org/04sjchr03

Mostrar afiliaciones +
Revista:
Sensors

ISSN: 1424-8220

Año de publicación: 2023

Volumen: 23

Número: 14

Páginas: 6496

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.3390/S23146496 GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: Sensors

Resumen

The study aimed to investigate the effects of footwear on the electromyographic (EMG) activity of pelvic floor muscles (PFMs) and internal oblique (IO) muscles during running at different speeds. The study also aimed to explore the correlation between EMG activity of PFMs and IO muscles and participants’ morphological characteristics. Ten nulliparous female runners were included in the study. The participants ran for 90 s at speeds of 9, 11, and 13 km/h wearing both traditional and minimalist shoes. EMG outcomes were presented as a percentage of maximum voluntary contraction (%MVC). Comparative analysis was conducted using the Wilcoxon rank test. Correlational analysis was performed using the Rho–Spearman correlation coefficient. The %MVC for the IO muscles was significantly lower when using minimalist shoes compared to traditional shoes (p = 0.04). No statistically significant differences were found for the PFMs (p > 0.05). The study also observed large correlations between age and %MVC of the PFMs and IO muscles (rho = −0.64; p = 0.04). Minimalist shoes decreased the activity of IO muscles in female runners. However, no significant differences in EMG activity of PFMs were found when comparing traditional and minimalist footwear. The long-term effects of minimalist footwear on EMG activity of PFMs and IO muscles, as well as their relationship to morphological characteristics, require further investigation.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Chisholm, L.; Delpe, S.; Priest, T.; Reynolds, W.S. Physical Activity and Stress Incontinence in Women. Curr. Bl. Dysfunct. Rep. 2019, 14, 174–179.
  • Rogers, R.G.; Pauls, R.N.; Thakar, R.; Morin, M.; Kuhn, A.; Petri, E.; Fatton, B.; Whitmore, K.; Kinsberg, S.; Lee, J. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for the assessment of sexual health of women with pelvic floor dysfunction. Neurourol. Urodyn. 2018, 37, 1220–1240.
  • Rubilotta, E.; Balzarro, M.; D’amico, A.; Cerruto, M.A.; Bassi, S.; Bovo, C.; Iacovelli, V.; Bianchi, D.; Artibani, W.; Agrò, E.F. Pure stress urinary incontinence: Analysis of prevalence, estimation of costs, and financial impact. BMC Urol. 2019, 19, 44.
  • Hagovska, M.; Svihra, J.; Bukova, A.; Horbacz, A.; Svihrova, V. The impact of physical activity measured by the International Physical Activity questionnaire on the prevalence of stress urinary incontinence in young women. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2018, 228, 308–312.
  • Leitner, M.; Moser, H.; Eichelberger, P.; Kuhn, A.; Radlinger, L. Evaluation of pelvic floor muscle activity during running in continent and incontinent women: An exploratory study. Neurourol. Urodyn. 2017, 36, 1570–1576. Neumann, P.; Gill, V. Pelvic Floor and Abdominal Muscle Interaction: EMG Activity and Intra-abdominal Pressure. Int. Urogynecol. J. 2002, 13, 125–132.
  • Goldish, G.D.; Quast, J.E.; Blow, J.J.; Kuskowski, M.A. Postural effects on intra-abdominal pressure during Valsalva maneuver. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 1994, 75, 324–327.
  • Tajiri, K.; Huo, M.; Maruyama, H. Effects of Co-contraction of Both Transverse Abdominal Muscle and Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercises for Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 2014, 26, 1161–1163.
  • Hollander, K.; Liebl, D.; Meining, S.; Mattes, K.; Willwacher, S.; Zech, A. Adaptation of Running Biomechanics to Repeated Barefoot Running: A Randomized Controlled Study. Am. J. Sports Med. 2019, 47, 1975–1983.
  • Lieberman, D.E.; Castillo, E.R.; Otárola-Castillo, E.; Sang, M.K.; Sigei, T.K.; Ojiambo, R.; Okutoyi, P.; Pitsiladis, Y. Variation in Foot Strike Patterns among Habitually Barefoot and Shod Runners in Kenya. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0131354.
  • Davis, I.S.; Rice, H.M.; Wearing, S.C. Why forefoot striking in minimal shoes might positively change the course of running injuries. J. Sport Health Sci. 2017, 6, 154–161.
  • Perkins, K.P.; Hanney, W.J.; Rothschild, C.E. The Risks and Benefits of Running Barefoot or in Minimalist Shoes. Sports Health A Multidiscip. Approach 2014, 6, 475–480.
  • Gillinov, S.M.; Laux, S.; Kuivila, T.; Hass, D.; Joy, S.M. Effect of Minimalist Footwear on Running Efficiency: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Sports Health A Multidiscip. Approach 2015, 7, 256–260.
  • Azevedo, A.P.D.S.; Mezêncio, B.; Amadio, A.C.; Serrão, J.C. 16 Weeks of Progressive Barefoot Running Training Changes Impact Force and Muscle Activation in Habitual Shod Runners. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0167234.
  • Esculier, J.-F.; Dubois, B.; Dionne, C.E.; Leblond, J.; Roy, J.-S. A consensus definition and rating scale for minimalist shoes. J. Foot Ankle Res. 2015, 8, 42.
  • Campitelli, N.A.; Spencer, S.A.; Bernhard, K.; Heard, K.; Kidon, A. Effect of Vibram FiveFingers Minimalist Shoes on the Abductor Hallucis Muscle. J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc. 2016, 106, 344–351.
  • Robbins, S.E.; Hanna, A.M. Running-related injury prevention through barefoot adaptations. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1987, 19, 148–156.
  • Yang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Luo, Z.; Wang, X.; Ye, D.; Fu, W. Alterations in Running Biomechanics after 12 Week Gait Retraining with Minimalist Shoes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Heal. 2020, 17, 818.
  • Bonacci, J.; Vicenzino, B.; Spratford, W.; Collins, P. Take your shoes off to reduce patellofemoral joint stress during running. Br. J. Sports Med. 2014, 48, 425–428.
  • Grier, T.; Canham-Chervak, M.; Bushman, T.; Anderson, M.; North, W.; Jones, B.H. Minimalist Running Shoes and Injury Risk Among United States Army Soldiers. Am. J. Sports Med. 2016, 44, 1439–1446.
  • Goldstick, O.; Constantini, N. Urinary incontinence in physically active women and female athletes. Br. J. Sports Med. 2014, 48, 296–298.
  • Nygaard, I.; Shaw, J.; Egger, M.J. Exploring the association between lifetime physical activity and pelvic floor disorders: Study and design challenges. Contemp. Clin. Trials 2012, 33, 819–827.
  • Carls, C. The prevalence of stress urinary incontinence in high school and college-age female athletes in the midwest: Implica-tions for education and prevention. Urol. Nurs. 2007, 27, 21.
  • Almeida, M.B.A.; Barra, A.A.; Saltiel, F.; Silva-Filho, A.L.; Fonseca, A.M.R.M.; Figueiredo, E.M. Urinary incontinence and other pelvic floor dysfunctions in female athletes in Brazil: A cross-sectional study. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2016, 26, 1109–1116.
  • Nygaard, I.E.; Glowacki, C.; Saltzman, C.L. Relationship between foot flexibility and urinary incontinence in nulliparous varsity athletes. Obstet. Gynecol. 1996, 87, 1049–1051.
  • García-Arrabe, M.; García-Fernández, P.; Ruiz-Ruiz, B.; del Prado-Álvarez, R.; Romero-Morales, C.; Díaz-Arribas, M.J. Effects of minimalist shoes on pelvic floor activity in nulliparous women during running at different velocities: A randomized cross-over clinical trial. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 21218.
  • Brinkman, H.; Yanchek, A.; Thorton, E. Barefoot Training: Effect on Lateral Pelvic Drop and EMG Activity of Gluteus Medius and TFL. Ph.D. Thesis, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA, 2018.
  • Yang, C.; Xiao, S.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Wang, J.; Fu, W. Patellofemoral Joint Loads during Running Immediately Changed by Shoes with Different Minimalist Indices: A Cross-sectional Study. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 4176.
  • Wakeling, J.M.; Pascual, S.A.; Nigg, B.M. Altering muscle activity in the lower extremities by running with different shoes. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2002, 34, 1529–1532.
  • Vigotsky, A.D.; Halperin, I.; Lehman, G.J.; Trajano, G.; Vieira, T.M.; Vigotsky, A.D.; Halperin, I.; Lehman, G.J.; Trajano, G.; Vieira, T.M. Interpreting Signal Amplitudes in Surface Electromyography Studies in Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences. Front. Physiol. 2018, 8, 985.
  • Schlink, B.R.; Nordin, A.D.; Ferris, D.P. Human myoelectric spatial patterns differ among lower limb muscles and locomotion speeds. Physiol. Rep. 2020, 8, e14652.
  • Nordander, C.; Willner, J.; Hansson, G.-A.; Larsson, B.; Unge, J.; Granquist, L.; Skerfving, S. Influence of the subcutaneous fat layer, as measured by ultrasound, skinfold calipers and BMI, on the EMG amplitude. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2003, 89, 514–519.
  • Luginbuehl, H.; Naeff, R.; Zahnd, A.; Baeyens, J.-P.; Kuhn, A.; Radlinger, L. Pelvic floor muscle electromyography during different running speeds: An exploratory and reliability study. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 2016, 293, 117–124.
  • Snijders, C.J.; Ribbers, M.T.; de Bakker, H.V.; Stoeckart, R.; Stam, H.J. EMG recordings of abdominal and back muscles in various standing postures: Validation of a biomechanical model on sacroiliac joint stability. J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol. 1998, 8, 205–214.
  • Leitner, M.; Moser, H.; Eichelberger, P.; Kuhn, A.; Baeyens, J.-P.; Radlinger, L. Evaluation of pelvic floor kinematics in continent and incontinent women during running: An exploratory study. Neurourol. Urodyn. 2018, 37, 609–618.
  • Luginbuehl, H.; Greter, C.; Gruenenfelder, D.; Baeyens, J.-P.; Kuhn, A.; Radlinger, L. Intra-session test–retest reliability of pelvic floor muscle electromyography during running. Int. Urogynecol. J. 2013, 24, 1515–1522.
  • Oakford, R.; Moses, L.E. Tables of Random Permutations. In Applied Statistics; Stanford University Press: Redwood City, CA, USA, 1963; Volume 12, p. 196.
  • Hopkins, W.; Marshall, S.; Batterham, A.; Hanin, J. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2009, 41, 3.
  • Lucas-Cuevas, A.G.; Quesada, J.I.P.; Giménez, J.V.; Aparicio, I.; Jimenez-Perez, I.; Pérez-Soriano, P. Initiating running barefoot: Effects on muscle activation and impact accelerations in habitually rearfoot shod runners. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2016, 16, 1145–1152.
  • Cooper, D.M.; Leissring, S.K.; Kernozek, T.W. Plantar loading and foot-strike pattern changes with speed during barefoot running in those with a natural rearfoot strike pattern while shod. Foot 2015, 25, 89–96.
  • Perl, D.P.; Daoud, A.I.; Lieberman, D.E. Effects of Footwear and Strike Type on Running Economy. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2012, 44, 1335–1343.
  • Jacome, C.; Oliveira, D.; Marques, A.; Sá Couto, P. Prevalence and impact of urinary incontinence among female athletes. Int. J. Gynecol. Obs. 2011, 114, 60–63.