COVID‑19. Crisis análogas, impacto en turismo y comportamiento del viajero a lo largo de la historia

  1. Sara Grasa Herreruela
  2. María Francisca Blasco López
Journal:
Pasos: Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural

ISSN: 1695-7121

Year of publication: 2023

Volume: 21

Issue: 4

Pages: 779-793

Type: Article

DOI: 10.25145/J.PASOS.2023.21.053 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openRIULL editor

More publications in: Pasos: Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural

Abstract

COVID‑19 has been one of the worst crises experienced by tourism industry. The reduction of inter‑ national arrivals in 2020 as compared to 2019 dropping 70%. Only two previous worldwide events have caused a global impact on the sector this century: the health crisis of SARS‑COV‑1 in 2003 and the economic depres‑ sion of 2008. The main goal of this research is to verify how travellers have always been mainly responsible for the spread of pathogens, reviewing infectious diseases that have caused changes in society or have generated real threats. An analogy has also been made with events that originated negative impacts on tourism, generat‑ ing risk for the traveller and directly affecting their behavior. A bibliographic review of the literature was ap‑ plied, where more than 90 historical and scientific sources were analysed in the fields of knowledge of history, geography, tourism and medicine. This research aims to provide the tourism industry with the ability to foresee and be able to make early decisions that allow it to better handle future similar crisis.

Bibliographic References

  • Abdel‑Azim, T. S. 2010. The relationship between the perception of risk and the decision‑making process of travel of French tourists: the case of Egypt. Tourismos, 5(2), 29‑47.
  • Aimable, E. A. E., y Rosselló, J. 2009. The short‑term impact of 9/11 on European airlines demand. European Journal of Tourism Research, 2(2), 145‑161.
  • Aon 2018. Mapa global de terrorismo y riesgo político. https://n9.cl/2wjhn
  • Athukorala, P. C., y Resosudarmo, B. P. 2005. The Indian Ocean tsunami: Economic impact, disaster management, and lessons. Asian economic papers, 4(1), 1‑39.
  • Bac, D. P., Bugnar, N. G., y Mester, L. E. 2015. Terrorism and its impacts on the tourism industry. Revista Română de Geografie Politică, 17(1), 5‑11.
  • Becken, S., y Hughey, K. F. 2013. Linking tourism into emergency management structures to enhance disaster risk reduction. Tourism Management, 36, 77‑85.
  • Becken, S., Zammit, C., y Hendrikx, J. 2015. Developing climate change maps for tourism: essential information or awareness raising? Journal of Travel Research, 54 (4), 430‑441.
  • Beutels, P., Jia, N., Zhou, Q. Y., Smith, R., Cao, W. C., y De Vlas, S. J. 2009. The economic impact of SARS in Beijing, China. Tropical Medicine y International Health, 14, 85‑91.
  • Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., Davis, I., y Wisner, B. 2014. At risk: natural hazards, people’s vulnerability and disasters. Routledge.
  • Blažin, N., Gavrilov, M. B., Markovi, S. B., Jani, S., Miloševi, Z. S., Luki, T., y Hrnjak, I. 2014. The tsunami of 26th December 2004: the impact on tourism trends in Southeast Asia. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 181, 175‑186.
  • Chang W. K. 1969. National influenza experience in Hong Kong, 1968. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 41(3), 349–351.
  • Chen, M., Zhang, H., Liu, W., y Zhang, W. 2014. The global pattern of urbanization and economic growth: evidence from the last three decades. PloS one, 9(8), e103799.
  • Choe, Y., y Schuett, M. A. 2020. Stakeholders’ perceptions of social and environmental changes affecting Everglades National Park in South Florida. Environmental Development, 35, 100524.
  • Crawford, D. 2012. Recovering from terror: The Egyptian and Balinese experiences. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 4(1), 91‑97.
  • Crosby, A.W. 2003. The Columbian exchange: Biological and cultural consequences of 1492. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
  • Cunha B. A. 2004. The cause of the plague of Athens: plague, typhoid, typhus, smallpox, or measles? Infectious disease clinics of North America, 18(1), 29–43. https://n9.cl/vvv9p
  • De Mallevoüe, D. 14 de noviembre de 2015. Six attaques en 33 minutes: chronologie d’une nuit d’horreur. Le Figaro. https://n9.cl/2eri7
  • Dragičević, D., Radić, M. N., y Grbić, L. 2018. Terrorism as security challenge in tourism development. In Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management in Opatija. Biennial International Congress. Tourism y Hospitality Industry (pp. 64‑75). University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism y Hospitality Management.
  • Dodds, R., y Butler, R. 2019. The phenomena of over tourism: A review. International Journal of Tourism Cities. https://n9.cl/vrm3a Faulkner, B. 2001. Towards a framework for tourism disaster management. Tourism management, 22(2), 135‑147.
  • García de Cortázar, Fernando 14 de noviembre de 2018. La Historia y el terrorismo, resumen ponencia. Fundación Jiménez Abad. https://bit.ly/3vZAUWb
  • Glantz, M. H. 2008. Hurricane Katrina as a” teachable moment”. Advances in Geosciences, 14, 287‑294.
  • Goodrich, J. N. 2002. September 11, 2001 attack on America: impact on tourism security. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 11(4), 1‑12.
  • Huang, J. H., y Min, J. C. 2002. Earthquake devastation and recovery in tourism: the Taiwan case. Tourism Management, 23(2), 145‑154.
  • Horlick‑Jones, T., Fortune, J., y Peters, G. 1991. Measuring disaster trends part two: Statistics and underlying processes. Disaster Management, 4(1), 41‑44.
  • Khan, U., Mehta, R., Arif, M. y Lakhani, O. 2020. Pandemics of the past: A narrative review. J Pak Med Association, 70(3), 34‑37.
  • KTB. Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism 2020. Border Statistics Annual Bulletin 2019.
  • Leelawat, N., Suppasri, A., y Imamura, F. 2015. Disaster recovery and reconstruction following the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami: a business process management perspective. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 6(3), 310‑314.
  • Liu, A., y Pratt, S. 2017. Tourism’s vulnerability and resilience to terrorism. Tourism Management, 60, 404‑417.
  • McAleer, M., Huang, B. W., Kuo, H. I., Chen, C. C., y Chang, C. L. 2010. An econometric analysis of SARS and Avian Flu on international tourist arrivals to Asia. Environmental Modelling y Software, 25(1), 100‑106.
  • McKercher, B., y Chon, K. 2004. The Over‑Reaction to SARS and the Collapse of Asian Tourism. Annals of tourism research, 31(3), 716–719.
  • Naciye, G. y Akbiyik, A. 2020. Impacts of COVID‑19 on global tourism industry: A cross regional comparison. Tourism Management Perspectives, 36, 100744.
  • Pagazaurtundúa, M. 2017. Libro blanco y negro del terrorismo en Europa. Parlamento Europeo.
  • Ramiro, D., García, S., Casado, Y., Cilek, L. y Chowell, G. 2018. Age‑specific excess mortality patterns and transmissibility during the 1889‑1890 influenza pandemic in Madrid, Spain. Annals of Epide‑ miology 28, 267‑272.
  • Rapoport, D. C. 2013. The four waves of modern terror: International dimensions and consequences. An international history of terrorism: Western and non‑Western experiences, 282‑231.
  • Richter, L. K. 2003. International tourism and its global public health consequences. Journal of Travel Research, 41(4), 340‑347.
  • Rosselló, J., Becken, S., y Santana‑Gallego, M. 2020. The effects of natural disasters on international tourism: A global analysis. Tourism management, 79, 104080.
  • Sáez, A. y Parra, J. 2020. From the Antonine Plague to the Cyprian Plague: Scopes and consequences of global plagues in the Roman Empire in the 3rd century AD. Revista Chilena de Infectología. 37(4), 450‑455.
  • Scarpa, R., Caso, F., Costa, L., Passavanti, S., Vitale, M., Trojaniello, C.A., Asciertot, P. 2020. May the analysis of 1918 influenza pandemic give hints to imagine the possible magnitude of Corona Virus Disease‑2019 (COVID‑19)? Journal of Translational Medicine, 18, 489.
  • Schwartz, R. A., y Kapila, R. 2020. Pandemics throughout the Centuries. Clinics in Dermatology.
  • Sihn, K. H. 2017. Reorganizing Hospital Space: The 1894 Plague Epidemic in Hong Kong and the Germ Theory. Korean Journal of Medical History, 26(1), 59‑94.
  • Sönmez, S. F. 1998. Tourism, terrorism, and political instability. Annals of tourism research, 25(2), 416‑456.
  • UNWTO. 2002. The impact of the September 11th attacks on tourism: The light at the end of the tunnel. https://n9.cl/9a063
  • UNWTO. 2020. Tourism data dashboard, Global and regional tourism performance. https://n9.cl/kvdb
  • Veréb, V., Nobre, H., & Farhangmehr, M. 2020. Cosmopolitan tourists: the resilient segment in the face of terrorism. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 100620.
  • Wagner, D., Klunk, J., Harbeck, M., Devault, A., Waglechner, N., W Sahl, J.,… Poinar, H. 2014. Yersinia pestis and the Plague of Justinian 541–543 AD: a genomic analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 14, 319‑326. https://n9.cl/18upm
  • Wu, T., Perrings, C., Kinzig, A., Collins, J. P., Minteer, B. A., & Daszak, P. 2017. Economic growth, urbanization, globalization, and the risks of emerging infectious diseases in China: A review. Ambio, 46(1), 18‑29.
Data source: Dialnet