Insights on NGO brand equitya donor-based brand equity model

  1. Maria Jesus Rios Romero 1
  2. Carmen Abril 1
  3. Elena Urquia-Grande 1
  1. 1 Universidad Complutense de Madrid
    info

    Universidad Complutense de Madrid

    Madrid, España

    ROR 02p0gd045

Revista:
European journal of management and business economics

ISSN: 2444-8494 2444-8451

Año de publicación: 2023

Volumen: 32

Número: 4

Páginas: 452-468

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.1108/EJMBE-08-2022-0261 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: European journal of management and business economics

Resumen

Purpose The growth in the number of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) worldwide has led to increased competition for donations. A stronger NGO brand equity will make donors more attracted to an organization, compelling them to increase both their donations and their commitment. The goal of this study is to propose a novel donor-based brand equity model. The present study takes into consideration the special characteristics that donors confer to NGOs—specific examples of nonprofit organizations (NPOs) that demand higher moral capital. The suggested framework considers the donor's perspective of NGO brand equity and identifies new dimensions: familiarity (recall, brand strength and brand identification), associations (authenticity, reputation and differentiation) and commitment (attitudinal, emotional) by building on previous NPOs and consumer-based brand equity models. Design/methodology/approach Based on the analysis of the literature, the authors propose an NGO donor-based brand equity model, which the authors test with a convenience sample of 137 individuals through partial least squares structural equation modeling. Findings The results of this study demonstrate the positive effects of brand reputation, brand differentiation, brand identification and brand commitment on donor-based brand equity. Practical implications The novel proposed model will help NGO managers better understand the sources of brand equity from the donor's perspective and more efficiently manage their resources and activities to strengthen their NGO's brand equity. Originality/value This paper provides a novel, multidimensional NGO donor-based brand equity model that is oriented to the specific characteristics of NGOs; this orientation distinguishes it from previous NPOs and commercial brand equity models.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Aaker,D.A. (1991),ManagingBrandEquity,FreePress,NewYork,NY.
  • Aaker,D.A. (1996), “Measuringbrandequityacrossproductsandmarkets”,CaliforniaManagement Review,Vol. 38,pp. 102-120.
  • Akbar,M. andWymer,W. (2017), “Refiningtheconceptualizationofbrandauthenticity”, Journal of BrandManagement,Vol. 24No.1,pp. 4-32.
  • Balmer, J.M.T. (1998), “Corporate identity and the advent of corporatemarketing”, Journal of MarketingManagement,Vol. 14No.8,pp.963-996.
  • Bennett,R. (2009), “Factorsinfluencingdonationswitchingbehaviouramongcharitysupporters: an empirical investigation”, Journal ofCustomerBehaviour,Vol. 8No.4,pp.329-345.
  • Bennett, R. and Gabriel, H. (2003), “Image and reputational characteristics of UK charitable organizations: anempiricalstudy”,CorporateReputationReview,Vol. 6No. 3,pp.276-289.
  • Boenigk,S.andBecker,A. (2016), “Towardtheimportanceofnonprofitbrandequity: resultsfroma studyofGermannonprofit organizations”, NonprofitManagement andLeadership, Vol. 27 No.2,pp.181-198.
  • Boenigk,S.andHelming,B. (2013), “Whydodonorsdonate?:examiningtheeffectsoforganizational identification and identity salience on the relationships among satisfaction, loyalty, and donationbehavior”, Journal ofServiceResearch,Vol. 16No.4,pp.533-548.
  • Chin, W.W. (1998), “The partial least squares approach for structural equationmodeling”, in Marcoulides,G.A. (Ed.),ModernMethodsforBusinessResearch,LawrenceErlbaumAssociates, London,pp.295-336.
  • Dogan,A.,Calik,E. andCalisir,F. (2021), “Organizational factorsaffectingindividualstodonateto NPOsintheTurkishcontext”,Voluntas,Vol. 32,pp. 303-315.
  • Erdem, T. andSwait, J. (1998), “Brandequityasasignalingphenomenon”, Journal ofConsumer Psychology,Vol. 7No. 2,pp. 131-157.
  • Faircloth, J.B. (2005), “Factorsinfluencingnonprofitresourceprovidersupport”, JournalofMarketing TheoryandPractice,Vol.13No.3,pp. 1-14.
  • Fornell, C. and Larcker, D. (1981), “Evaluating structural equationmodels with unobservable variablesandmeasurement”, Journal ofMarketingResearch,Vol. 18No.2,pp.39-50.
  • Goenka, S. andvanOsselaer, S.M.J. (2019), “Charities can increase the effectiveness of donation appealsbyusingamorallycongruentpositiveemotion”,JournalofConsumerResearch,Vol.46 No.4,pp.774-790.
  • Gregory,G.,Ngo,L.andMiller,R.(2020),“Brandingfornon-profits:explainingnewdonordecision-making inthecharitysector”, JournalofProductandBrandManagement,Vol.29No.5,pp.583-600.
  • Ha,Q.A.,Pham,P.N.N.andLe,L.H. (2022),“Whatfacilitatepeopletodocharity?Theimpactofbrand anthropomorphism, brand familiarity and brand trust on charity support intention”, InternationalReviewonPublicandNonprofitMarketing,Vol. 19,pp.835-859.
  • Hair, J.F.,Sarsted,M.,Ringle,C.M. andMena, J.A. (2012), “Anassessmentof theuseofpartial least squares structural equationmodeling inmarketing research”, Journal of theAcademy of MarketingScience,Vol. 40No. 3,pp.414-433.
  • Hair, J.F.,Risher, J.J.,Sarstedt,M.andRingle,C.M. (2019),“Whentouseandhowtoreporttheresults ofPLS-SEM”,EuropeanBusinessReview,Vol. 31No. 1,pp.2-24.
  • Henseler, J.,Ringle,C.M.andSarstedt,M. (2015), “Anewcriterionforassessingdiscriminantvalidity invariance-basedstructuralequationmodeling”, JournaloftheAcademyofMarketingScience, Vol.43No.1,pp. 115-135.
  • Hou, J., Du, L. andTian, Z. (2009), “The effects of nonprofit brand equityon individual giving intention:mediatingbytheself-conceptofindividualdonor”, International JournalofNonprofit andVoluntarySectorMarketing,,Vol. 14No. 3,pp.215-229.
  • Jones,T.,Felps,W.andBigley,G. (2007), “Ethical theoryandstakeholder-relateddecisions: therole ofstakeholderculture”,AcademyofManagementReview,Vol.32No.1,pp. 137-155.
  • Juntunen,M., Juntunen, J. andAutere,V. (2013), “Co-creatingnonprofitbrandequity”, International Journal ofNonprofitandVoluntarySectorMarketing,Vol. 18No. 2,pp.122-132.
  • Kane, J. (2001),ThePoliticsofMoral Capital, CambridgeUniversityPress (ContemporaryPolitical Theory),Cambridge.
  • Kashif,M., Fernando, P.M.P., Samad, S. andThurasamy,R. (2018), “Findinggreenergrassonthe other side of hill: examiningdonor perceivedbrandequity inamoderating role of brand credibility”,AsiaPacificJournal ofMarketingandLogistics,Vol.30No.4,pp. 988-1012.
  • Keller,K.L. (1993),“Conceptualizing,measuring,andmanagingcustomer-basedbrandequity”,Journal ofMarketing,Vol. 57No. 1,pp. 1-22.
  • Keller,K.L. (2003),StrategicBrandManagement:Building,Measuring,andManagingBrandEquity, 2nded.,Prentice-Hall,UpperSaddleRiver,NJ.
  • Keller, E.W., Dato-on,M.C. andShaw, D. (2009), “NPObranding: preliminary lessons frommajor players”, International JournalofNonprofitandVoluntarySectorMarketing,Vol.15,pp.105-121.
  • Kylander, N. andStone, C. (2012), “The role of brand in the nonprofit sector”, StanfordSocial InnovationReview,Vol. 10No. 2,pp.35-41.
  • Laidler-Kylander, N. andSimonin, B.L. (2009), “Howinternational nonprofit buildsbrandequity”, International Journal ofNonprofitandVoluntarySectorMarketing,Vol. 14,pp.57-69.
  • Mael,F.andBlake,E.A. (1992),“Alumniandtheiralmamater:apartialtestofthereformulatedmodel oforganizational identification”, JournalofOrganizationalBehavior,Vol.13No.2,pp.103-123.
  • Martınez, J.B., Fernandez, M.L. and Fernandez, P.M.R. (2016), “Corporate social responsibility: evolution through institutional and stakeholder perspectives”, European Journal of ManagementandBusinessEconomics,Vol. 25No. 1,pp.8-14.
  • Michaelidou,N.,Micevski,M. andCadogan, J.W. (2015), “Anevaluationofnonprofitbrand image: towardsabetterconceptualizationandmeasurement”, Journal ofBusinessResearch,Vol. 68, pp.1657-1666.
  • Michel,G. andRieunier, S. (2012), “Nonprofitbrand imageandtypicality influencesoncharitable giving”, Journal ofBusinessResearch,Vol. 65No.5,pp.701-707. Napoli, J. (2006), “Theimpactofnonprofitbrandorientationonorganisationalperformance”, Journal ofMarketingManagement,Vol. 22Nos7-8,pp.673-694.
  • Nunnally, J.C. (1978),PsychometricTheory,2nded.,McGraw-Hill,NewYork,NY.
  • Oliver,R.L. (1997),Satisfaction:ABehavioralPerspectiveontheConsumer,McGraw-Hill,Routledge.
  • Paço,A.,Rodrigues,R.G.andRodrigues,L. (2014),“BrandinginNGOs–itsinfluenceontheintention todonate”,EconomicsandSociology,Vol. 7No.3,pp.11-21.
  • Romaniuk, J.,Wight,S.andFaulkner,M. (2017),“Brandawareness:revisitinganoldmetricforanew world”, Journal ofProductandBrandManagement,Vol. 26No. 5,pp.469-476. NGObrand equity 467
  • Rossiter,J.R.andPercy,L. (1987),AdvertisingandPromotionManagement,McGraw-Hill,NewYork,NY.
  • Salamon, L. and Anheier, H.K. (1992), “In search of the non- profit sector II: the problem ofclassification”,Voluntas,Vol. 3No.3,pp. 267-309.
  • Sampath,K.,R.andHenley,W.H. (2007),“Determinantsofcharitabledonationintentions:astructural equationmodel”, International Journal ofNonprofitandVoluntarySectorMarketing,Vol. 13 No.1,pp.1-11.
  • Sargeant,A.andLee,S. (2002),“Individualandcontextualantecedentsofdonortrustinthevoluntary sector”, Journal ofMarketingManagement,Vol. 18Nos7-8,pp. 779-802.
  • Sargeant,A.andLee,S. (2004),“TrustandrelationshipcommitmentintheUnitedKingdomvoluntary sector:determinantsofdonorbehavior”,PsychologyandMarketing,Vol.21No.8,pp.613-635.
  • Sargeant,A.andWoodliffe,L. (2007), “Giftgiving:aninterdisciplinaryreview”, International Journal ofNonprofitandVoluntarySectorMarketing,Vol. 12No. 4,pp.275-307.
  • Sargeant,A.,Ford, J.B.andHudson, J. (2008),“Charitybrandpersonality: therelationshipwithgiving behavior”,NonprofitandVoluntarySectorQuarterly,Vol. 37No. 3,pp.468-491.
  • Stride, H. (2006), “An investigation into thevalues dimensions of branding: implications for the charitysector”, International Journal ofNonprofit andVoluntarySectorMarketing,Vol. 11, pp.115-124.
  • Vakil, A. (1997), “Confronting the classification problem: toward a taxonomy of NGOs”,World Development,Vol. 25No. 12,pp.2057-2070.
  • Venable, B.T., Rose,G.M., Bush,V.D. andGilbert, F.W. (2005), “The roleof brandpersonality in charitablegiving:anassessmentandvalidation”, JournaloftheAcademyofMarketingScience, Vol.33No.3,pp. 295-312.
  • Voeth,M. andHerbst,U. (2008), “Theconceptofbrandpersonalityasaninstrument foradvanced non-profitbranding-anempiricalanalysis”, JournalofNonprofitandPublicSectorMarketing, Vol.19No.1,pp. 71-97.
  • Wenqi, D., Khurshid, A., Rauf, A. andCalin, A.C. (2022), “Government subsidies’ influence on corporate social responsibility of private firms in a competitive environment”, Journal of InnovationandKnowledge,Vol.7No.2,pp. 1-10.
  • Werts,C.E.,Linn,R.L. andJ€ oreskog,K.G. (1974), “Intraclassreliabilityestimates: testingstructural assumptions”,EducationalandPsychologicalMeasurement,Vol. 34No. 1,pp.25-33.
  • Wymer,W. andAkbar,M.M. (2019), “Brandauthenticity’s influenceoncharitysupport intentions”, Journal ofNonprofitandPublicSectorMarketing,Vol. 31No. 5,pp.507-527.
  • Wymer,W.,Becker,A.andBoenigk,S. (2021), “Theantecedentsofcharitytrustanditsinfluenceon charitysupportivebehavior”, Journal ofPhilanthropyandMarketing,Vol.26No.2,pp. 1-11.
  • Wymer,W., Gross, H.P. andHelmig, B. (2016), “Nonprofit brandstrength: what is it?Howis it measured?Whatareitsoutcomes?”,Voluntas,Vol. 27No. 3,pp.1448-1471.
  • Yoo,B.andDonthu,N. (2001),“Developingandvalidatingamultidimensionalconsumer-basedbrand equityscale”, Journal ofBusinessResearch,Vol.52,pp. 1-14.
  • Yoo,B.,Donthu,N.andLee,S. (2000),“Anexaminationofselectedmarketingmixelementsandbrand equity”, Journal of theAcademyofMarketingScience,Vol. 28No.2,pp. 195-211.