Pandemia, sinhogarismo y salud mentalel papel del apoyo social y las relaciones sociales

  1. Esteban Sánchez-Moreno
  2. Iria Noa de la Fuente-Roldán
Revista:
Prisma Social: revista de investigación social

ISSN: 1989-3469

Any de publicació: 2024

Títol de l'exemplar: Las personas en situación de sinhogarismo en la Agenda 2030

Número: 44

Pàgines: 58-83

Tipus: Article

Altres publicacions en: Prisma Social: revista de investigación social

Resum

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, addressing mental health and the dimensions that contribute to its improvement in the general population has been a topic of special interest. This interest has been less in relation to people in situations of homelessness. This paper analyses the role of social support and social relationships in the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of the homeless people in the Community of Madrid. The research follows a mixed methodology (questionnaire survey; n=641 and semi-structured in-depth interview; n=18). The results show the high psychological deterioration, the low levels of social support and the relational precariousness of the homeless people. Isolation and deterioration are structured by residential situation, origin, age, and gender. Furthermore, it is found that, as the levels of social support increase, the probability of psychological deterioration decreases. Similarly, after the pandemic, worsening relationships with children are associated with poorer levels of mental health. These findings confirm that relational aspects are key elements in improving the psychological well-being of homeless people.

Referències bibliogràfiques

  • Addo, R. y Ivey, D. (2022). I Don’t Wanna Be around Nobody: A Retrospective Interview of Homeless Social Networks. Journal of Social Service Research, 48(3), 376-384. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2022.2050336
  • Andersen, L. M. B., Rasmussen, A. N., Reavley, N. J., Bøggild, H. y Overgaard, C. (2021). The social route to mental health: a systematic review and synthesis of theories linking social relationships to mental health to inform interventions. SSM - Mental Health, 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmmh.2021.100042
  • Barrón, A. (1996). Apoyo social. Aspectos teóricos y aplicaciones. Siglo XXI
  • Bedmar, M. A., Bennasar-Veny, M., Artigas-Lelong, B., Salvà-Mut, F., Pou, J., Capitán-Moyano, L., García-Toro, M. y Yáñez, A. M. (2022). Health and access to healthcare in homeless people: Protocol for a mixed-methods study. Medicine, 101(7), e28816. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000028816
  • Bender, K., Thompson, S.J., McManus, H., Lantry, J. y Flynn, M. P. (2007). Capacity for survival: Exploring strengths of homeless street youth. Child y Youth Care Forum, 36(1), 25-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-006-9029-4
  • Bertram, F., Heinrich, F., Fröb, D., Wulff, B., Ondruschka, B., Püschel, K., König, H. H. y Hajek, A. (2021). Loneliness among Homeless Individuals during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pan-demic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 3035. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph18063035
  • Bower, M., Conroy, E. y Perz, J. (2018). Australian homeless persons' experiences of social connectedness, isolation and loneliness. Health y Social Care in the Community, 26(2), 248. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12505
  • Braun, V. y Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Brugiavini, A., Di Novi, C. y Orso, C. E. (2022). Visiting parents in times of Covid-19: the impact of parent-adult child contacts on the psychological health of the elderly. Economics and Human Biology, 46, 101152–101152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2022.101152
  • Calvo, F., Rived-Ocaña, M., Font-Mayolas, S. y Carbonell, X. (2021). Homelessness and mental health diagnose during the great recession (2008-2017): the effect of immigration. Revista Española De Salud Pública, 95. https://n9.cl/ank9u
  • Capitán-Moyano, L., Bedmar, M. A., Artigas, B., Bennasar-Veny, M., Pou, J., Molina-Núñez, L., Gayà-Coll, M., Garcias Cifuentes, L., García-Toro, M. y Yáñez, A. M. (2021). Homeless People and Health: Vulnerability and Risks during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Pilot Study. Academic Journal of Health Sciences, 36(4), 136-144. https://doi.org/10.3306/AJHS.2021.36.04.136
  • Chamberlain, C. y Johnson, G. (2013). Pathways into adult homelessness. Journal of Sociology, 49(1), 60–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783311422458
  • Confederación Salud Mental España (2021). Salud mental y COVID-19. Un año de pandemia. Confederación Salud Mental España. https://n9.cl/36vf9
  • De la Fuente-Roldán, I. N., Corchado-Castillo, A. I. y Dorado-Barbé, A. (2023). Mental Health and Homelessness in the Community of Madrid (Spain): The Impact of Discrimination and Vio-lence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032034
  • De Paula, H. C. de, Daher, D. V., Koopmans, F. F., Faria, M. G. A., Lemos, P. F. S. y Moniz, M. A. (2020). No place to shelter: ethnography of the homeless population in the Covid-19 pandemic. Revista Brasileira De Enfermagem, 73(Suppl 2). https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0489
  • Durbin, A., Nisenbaum, R., Kopp, B., O'Campo, P., Hwang, S. W. y Stergiopoulos, V. (2019). Are Resilience and Perceived Stress Related to Social Support and Housing Stability among Ho-meless Adults with Mental Illness? Health y Social Care in the Community, 27(4), 1053–1062. http://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12722
  • Edgar, B. y Meert, H. (2005). Fourth Review of Statistics on Homelessness in Europe. The ETHOS definition of homelessness. FEANTSA. https://n9.cl/jgfd9w
  • Eyrich-Garg, K. M., Cacciola, J. S., Carise, D., Lynch, K. G. y McLellan, A. T. (2008). Individual characteristics of the literally homeless, marginally housed, and impoverished in a US substance abuse treatment-seeking sample. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43(10), 831-842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0371-8
  • Farha, L. (2020). Mandate of the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living, and on the right to non-discrimination in this context. https://n9.cl/siay1
  • Ferrera, M. (1996). The "Southern" Model of Welfare in Social Europe. Journal of European Social Policy, 6(1), 17-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/095892879600600102
  • Fitzpatrick, S. (2005). Explaining homelessness: a critical realist perspective. Housing, Theory and Society, 22(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14036090510034563
  • Fitzpatrick, S. (2012). Homelessness: causation. En S. J. Smith (Ed.), International Encyclopae-dia of Housing and Home (pp. 15-24). Elsevier Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-047163-1.00347-7
  • Gabrielian, S., Young, A. S., Greenberg, J. M. y Bromley, E. (2018). Social support and hou-sing transitions among homeless adults with serious mental illness and substance use disorders. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 41(3), 208–-215. https://doi.org/10.1037/prj0000213
  • Garey, L., Reitzel, L.R., Neisler, J., Kendzor, D. E., Zvolensky, M. J., Neighbors, C., Hernan-dez, D. C. y Businelle, M. S. (2019). Health-Related Quality of Life Among Homeless Smokers: Risk and Protective Factors of Latent Class Membership. Behavioral Medicine, 45(1), 40-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2018.1447905
  • Gauvin, G., Labelle, R., Daigle, M., Breton, J. J. y Houle, J. (2019). Coping, social support, and suicide attempts among homeless adolescents. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 40(6), 390-399. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000579
  • Goldberg, D. P. y Williams P. (1988). A user’s guide to the General Health Questionnaire. NFER-NELSON.
  • Heracleous, L. (2006). Images of discourse: Interpretive, functional, critical, and structurational. En L. Heracleous (Ed.), Discourse, Interpretation, Organization (pp. 1-27). Cambridge University Press.
  • Hodgson, K. J., Shelton, K. H. y van den Bree, M. B. M. (2015). Psychopathology among young homeless people: longitudinal mental health outcomes for different subgroups. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54(3), 307-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12075
  • Jafry, M., Martinez, J., Chen, T., Businelle, M., Kendzor, D. y Reitzel, L. (2021). Perceived Social Support Attenuates the Association between Stress and Health-Related Quality of Life among Adults Experiencing Homelessness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(20), 10713. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010713
  • Jiang, F., Deng, L., Zhang, L., Cai, Y., Cheung, C. W. y Xia, Z. (2020). Review of the clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Journal of General Internal Medicine, 35(5), 1545-1549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05762-w
  • Kocalevent, R. D., Berg, L., Beutel, M. E., Hinz, A., Zenger, M., Härter, M., Nater, U. y Brähler, E. (2018). Social support in the general population: Standardization of the Oslo social support scale (OSSS-3). BMC Psychology, 6(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-018-0249-9
  • Hawkins, R. L. y Abrams, C. (2007). Disappearing acts: the social networks of formerly home-less individuals with co-occurring disorders. Social Science y Medicine, 65(10), 2031-2042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.06.019
  • Lewer, D., Braithwaite, I., Bullock, M., Eyre, M. T., White, P. J., Aldridge, R. W., Story, A. y Ha-yward, A. C. (2020). COVID-19 among people experiencing homelessness in England: a mo-delling study. The Lancet. Respiratory medicine, 8(12), 1181–1191. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30396-9
  • Lozares, C. (1996). La teoría de redes sociales. Papers, 48, 103-126. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/papers/v48n0.1814
  • Lu, N., Spencer, M., Sun, Q. y Lou, V. W. Q. (2021). Family social capital and life satisfaction among older adults living alone in urban China: the moderating role of functional health. Aging & Mental Health, 25(4), 695-702. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2019.1709155
  • Martin, C., Andrés, P., Bullón, A., Villegas, J. L., de la Iglesia-Larrad, J. I., Bote, B., Prieto, N. y Roncero, C. (2021). COVID pandemic as an opportunity for improving mental health treatments of the homeless people. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 67(4), 335-343. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020950770
  • Martin, K. y Howe, T. R. (2016). Attitudes toward mental health services among homeless and matched housed youth. Child & Youth Services, 37(1), 49-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/0145935X.2015.1052135
  • Mastropieri, B. M. (2016). Psychological Well-Being and its Effects on Mental Health and Program Outcome among Homeless Young Adults [Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Columbia]. Columbia University. https://doi.org/10.7916/D84F1QWG
  • Matulič, M. A., Munté, A., de Vicente, I. y Redondo Sama, G. (2021). Homelessness in times of confinement: Professional and citizenry experiences in Barcelona. Itinerarios de Trabajo Social, 1, 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1344/its.v0i1.32254
  • Mejia-Lancheros, C., Woodhall-Melnik, J., Wang, R., Hwang, S. W., Stergiopoulos, V. y Durbin, A. (2021). Associations of resilience with quality of life levels in adults experiencing home-lessness and mental illness: a longitudinal study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-021-01713-z
  • Milaney, K., Williams, N., Lockerbie, S. L., Dutton, D. J. y Hyshka, E. (2020). Recognizing and responding to women experiencing homelessness with gendered and trauma-informed care. BMC Public Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8353-1
  • Moschion, J. y van Ours, J. C. (2021). Do transitions in and out of homelessness relate to men-tal health episodes? A longitudinal analysis in an extremely disadvantaged population. Social Science y Medicine, 279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113667
  • Navarro-Lashayas, M. A. (2018). Homeless immigrant population and mental health. Cuader-nos de Psiquiatría Comunitaria, 15(01), 63-80. https://n9.cl/runotyNavarro-Lashayas, M. A. y Eiroa-Orosa, F. J. (2017). Substance use and psychological distress is related with accommodation status among homeless immigrants. American Journal of Orthop-sychiatry, 87(1), 23-33. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000213
  • Nielssen, O. B., Stone, W., Jones, N. M., Challis, S., Nielssen, A., Elliott, G., Burns, N., Rogoz, A., Cooper, L. E. y Large, M. M. (2018). Characteristics of people attending psychiatric clinics in inner Sydney homeless hostels. Medical Journal of Australia, 208(4), 169-173. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja17.00858
  • Pierce, S. C., Grady, B. y Holtzen, H. (2018). Daybreak in dayton: assessing characteristics and outcomes of previously homeless youth living in transitional housing. Children and Youth Services Review, 88, 249-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.03.021
  • Rea, J. (2019). Values, Self-Mastery and Social Support in Homeless Contexts: Implications for Wellbeing and Social Integration [Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Londres]. University of London. https://pure.royalholloway.ac.uk/en/publications/values-self-mastery-and-social-support-in-ho-meless-contexts-impli
  • Rocha, K., Pérez, C., Rodríguez-Sanz, M., Borrell. C. y Obiols, J. (2011). Propiedades psicomé-tricas y valores normativos del General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) en población general española. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 11. https://n9.cl/0du1u
  • Rodriguez, N. M., Martinez, R. G., Ziolkowski, R., Tolliver, C., Young, H. y Ruiz, Y. (2022). “Co-vid knocked me straight into the dirt”: perspectives from people experiencing homelessness on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13748-y
  • Rodríguez-Moreno, S., Panadero, S. y Vázquez, J. J. (2020). Risk of mental ill-health among ho-meless women in Madrid (Spain). Archives of Women's Mental Health, 23, 657-664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-020-01036-w
  • Rokach, A. (2005). The Causes of Loneliness in Homeless Youth. The Journal of Psychology, 139(5), 469-480. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.139.5.469-480
  • Rowe, M. y Pelletier, J. F. (2012). Citizenship: A Response to the Marginalization of People with Mental Illnesses. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 12, 366-381. http://doi.org/10.1080/15228932.2012.697423
  • Sánchez Moreno, E. (2004). Collectivize Social Support? Elements for Reconsidering the Social Dimension in the Study of Social Support. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 7(2), 124-134. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600004820
  • Savarkar, T. (2018). Psychosocial Distress among Children Living on the Street in Mumbai City, India. Journal of Depression and Anxiety, 7. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-1044.1000308
  • Schnittker, J. y Bacak, V. (2014). The Increasing Predictive Validity of Self-Rated Health. Plos One, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084933
  • Shinn, M. (2010). Homelessness, poverty and social exclusion in the United States and Europe. European Journal of Homelessness, 4, 19-44. https://n9.cl/715zbs
  • Skałacka, K. y Pajestka, G. (2021). Digital or In-Person: The Relationship between Mode of Interpersonal Communication during the Covid-19 Pandemic and Mental Health in Ol-der Adults from 27 Countries. Journal of Family Nursing, 27(4), 275-284. https://doi.org/10.1177/10748407211031980
  • Sylvestre, J., Kerman, N., Polillo, A., Lee, C. y Aubry, T. (2017). A Profile of Families in the Emergency Family Homeless Shelter System in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 26(1), 40-51. https://n9.cl/zy9xk
  • Thoits, P. A. (2021). ‘We Know What They're Going Through’: Social Support from Similar Ver-sus Significant Others. Sociological Quarterly, 62(4), 643-664. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2020.1802360
  • van Tilburg, T. G., Steinmetz, E., Stolte, E., van der Roest, H. y de Vries, D. H. (2021). Loneliness and Mental Health during the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Study among Dutch Older Adults. The Jour-nals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 76(7), 255. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa111