Evaluación psicológica forense de un supuesto de acoso sexual ambiental en el trabajohistoria de revictimización, vulnerabilidad y trauma
-
1
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
info
ISSN: 2385-779X
Año de publicación: 2023
Título del ejemplar: Revista de Victimología / Journal of Victimology
Número: 16
Páginas: 79-106
Tipo: Artículo
Otras publicaciones en: Revista de Victimología
Resumen
There are three main elements in the forensic assessment of the psychological harm: evaluating the degree of the traumatic nature of the stressor, identifying the psychological harm and establishing the underlying cause-and-effect relationship. In order to identify the cause, we must take into account the potential causes, i.e. life-psychosocial variables that may be involved in the gravity or psychopathological structure, which are particularly relevant when the potentially stressful or traumatic experience is not proportional to the psychological harm. This article addresses the assessment of a sexual harassment dynamic at work involving a woman with borderline personality traits and repeated victimising experiences of a violent and interpersonal nature throughout her life. She was diagnosed with Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, in which environmental sexual harassment played a necessary andtriggering role, although insufficient to demonstrate the diagnosis. To explain the psychological harm and its relevance, the role of vulnerability factors related to personality, situation-related causes and previous experiences of victimisation need to be taken into account.
Referencias bibliográficas
- American Psychiatric Association. (2014). Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales (DSM-5). Madrid, España: Panamericana.
- Bolton, E.E., Mueser, K.T. y Rosenberg, S.D. (2006). Symptom correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder in clients with borderline personality disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47; 357–361. doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2005.12.002
- Bornovalova, M.A., Huibregtse, B.M., Hicks, B.M., Keyes, M., McGue, M. y Iacono, W. (2013). Tests of a direct effect of childhood abuse on adult borderline personality disorder traits: a longitudinal discordant twin design. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 180–194. doi.org/10.1037/a0028328
- Bryant, R.A., Friedman, M.J. Spiegel, D., Ursano, R. y Strain, J. (2011). A review of acute stress disorder in DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety, 28, 802-817. doi.org/10.1002/da.20737
- Carrobles, J. A. y Benevides, A. M. (2009). El estrés y la psicología positiva. En E.G. Fernández-Abascal (Ed.), Emociones positivas (pp. 363-374). Madrid: Pirámide.
- Cloitre, M., Garvert, D. W., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A. y Maercker, A. (2013). Evidence for proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: A latent profile analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4. doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.20706
- Cloitre, M., Garvert, D. W., Weiss, B., Carlson, E. B. y Bryant, R. A. (2014). Distinguishing PTSD, complex PTSD, and borderline personality disorder: A latent class analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), 25097.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.25097
- Connor, K.M., Davidson, J.R.T., Hughs, D.C., Swartz, M.S., Blazer, D.G. y George, L.K. (2002). The impact of borderline personality disorder on post-traumatic stress in the community: a study of health status, health utilization, and functioning. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 43; 41–8. doi.org/10.1053/comp.2002.29846
- Cordero, A. Pamos, A. y Seisdedos, N. (2008). NEO-PI-R, Inventario de Personalidad NEO Revisado (NEO-PI-R). Adaptación española. Madrid: TEA Ediciones.
- Crespo, M.,González-Ordi, H., Gómez-Gutiérrez, M. y Santamaría, P. (2020). CIT. Cuestionario de Impacto del Trauma. Madrid: TEA Ediciones.
- Crespo, M. y Labrador, F. J. (2003). Estrés. Madrid: Síntesis.
- De Aquino, L. F., Pereira, F. H. Q., Benevides, A. M. L. N. y Melo, M. C. A. (2018). Borderline personality disorder and sexual abuse: a systematic review. Psychiatry Research, 262, 70-77. doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.01.043
- Driessen M, Beblo T, Reddemann L, Rau H, Lange W, Silva A, Berea RC, Wulff H, Ratzka, S. (2002). Is the borderline personality disorder a complex post-traumatic stress disorder? The state of research (in German). Nervenarzt, 73; 820–829. doi.org/10.1007/s00115-002-1296-1
- Dujo, V., González-Trijueque, D. y García-López, E. (2019). Violencia Sexual, Física y Psicológica en el trabajo. En García-López, E. (Ed.), Psicopatología de la Violencia: Aspectos jurídicos y evaluación criminológica. Ciudad de México: Manual Moderno, 266–309.
- Dujo, V., González-Trijueque D., Graña, J.L. y Andreu, J.M. (2020). A Psychometric Study of a Spanish Version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire Revised: Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology 11:1856.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01856
- Dujo, V., González-Trijueque, D. y Graña-Gómez, J.L. (2022). Manual de psicología forense en el ámbito laboral: conceptos, metodología y aplicaciones. Pirámide.
- Echeburúa, E. y Amor, P.J. (2018). Memoria traumática: estrategias de afrontamiento adaptativas e inadaptativas. Terapia Psicológica, 37(1), 71-80.
- Ford, J. D. y Courtois, C. A. (2021). Complex PTSD and borderline personality disorder. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 8(1), 16. doi.org/10.1186/s40479-021-00155-9
- Frías, A., Palma, C., Farriols, N., González, L. y Horta, A. (2016). Anxious adult attachment may mediate the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and borderline personality disorder. Personality and Mental Health 10, 274–284. doi.org/10.1002/pmh.1348
- Frías, A. y Palma, C. (2014). Comorbidity between post-traumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder: a review. Psychopathology, 48(1), 1-10.doi.org/10.1159/000363145
- Golier, J.A., Yehuda, R., Bierer, L.M., Mitropoulou, V., New, A.S., Schmeidler, J.,Silverman, J.M. and Siever, L.M. (2003). The Relationship of Borderline Personality Disorder to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Traumatic Events. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 2018-2024. doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.11.2018
- González de Rivera, J.L. y Rodríguez-Abuín, M.J. (2005). Cuestionario de estrategias de acoso en el trabajo. LIPT-60. Madrid: EOS.
- González-Ordi, H. y Santamaría, P. (2015). SIMS, Inventario Estructurado de Simulación de Síntomas. Adaptación española. Madrid: TEA Ediciones.
- Gunderson, J.G. y Sabo, A. N. (1993). The phenomenological and conceptual interface between borderline personality disorder and PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry,150(1):19e27. doi.org/10.1176/ajp.150.1.19
- Herman, J. L. (1992). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 377-391.
- Hyland, P., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M. y Cloitre, M. (2019). Examining the discriminant validity of complex posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder symptoms: Results from a United Kingdom population sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(6), 855-863. doi.org/10.1002/jts.22444
- Instituto de la Mujer e Igualdad de Oportunidades de España (2015). Manual de referencia para la elaboración de procedimientos de actuación y prevención del acoso sexual y del acoso por razón de sexo en el trabajo. Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. España
- Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: towards a new psichology of trauma. New York: The Free Press.
- Kessler, R.C., Chiu, W.T., Demler, O., Merikangas, K.R. y Walters, E.E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. JAMA Psychiatry, 62;617–627. doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617
- Kessler, R.C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M. y Nelson, C.B. (1995).Posttraumatic stress disorder in the national comorbidity survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(12):1048e60. doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012
- Kirchner, T. y Forns, M. (2010). CRI-A. Inventario de Respuestas de Afrontamiento para Adultos. Adaptación española. Madrid: TEA Ediciones.
- Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., Bagby, R. M... y Zimmerman, M. (2017). The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126, 454–477. doi.org/10.1037/abn0000258
- Kuo, J.R., Khoury, J.E., Metcalfe, R., Fitzpatrick, S., Goodwill, A. (2015). An examination of the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and borderline personality disorder features: the role of difficulties with emotion regulation. Child Abuse & Neglect Journal, 39, 147–155. doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.08.008
- Muñoz, J.M. (2013). La evaluación psicológica forense del daño psíquico: propuesta de un protocolo de actuación pericial. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica, 23, 61-69.
- Organización Mundial de la Salud (2018). CIE-11. Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (11ª revisión). Autor.Ortiz-Tallo, M., Santamaría, P., Cardenal, V. y Sánchez, P. (2011). Adaptación española del PAI. Inventario de Evaluación de la Personalidad. Madrid: TEA Ediciones.
- Pagura, J., Stein, M.B., Bolton, J.M., Cox, B.J., Grant, B. y Sareen, J. (2010). Comorbidity of borderline personality disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in the US population. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44, 1190–1198. doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.04.016
- Palic, S., Zerach, G., Shevlin, M., Zeligman, Z., Elklit, A. y Solomon, Z. (2016). Evidence of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) across populations with prolonged trauma of varying interpersonal intensity and ages of exposure. Psychiatry Research, 246, 692–699. doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.062.
- Pietrzak, R.H., Goldstein, R.B., Southwick, S.M. y Grant, B.F. (2011). Personality disorders associated with full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder in the U.S. population: results from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45; 678–686. doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.09.013
- Preciado, M.L. y Franco, S.A. (2013). Hostigamiento sexual laboral en trabajadores de vigilancia de una empresa electrónica. e-Gnosis, 11, 1-17.
- Resick, P. A., Bovin, M. J., Calloway, A. L., Dick, A. M., King, M. W., Mitchell, K.S. y Wolf, E. J. (2012). A critical evaluation of the complex PTSD literature: Implications for DSM-5. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25, 239–249.doi.org/10.1002/jts.21699
- Rojas, L. (2010). Superar la adversidad. El poder de la resiliencia. Madrid: Espasa.
- Romero, C. (2021). JSS. Cuestionario de Estrés Laboral. Adaptación española. Madrid: TEA Ediciones.
- Rubin, D.C., Berntsen, D. y Boals, A. (2008). Memory in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Properties of Voluntary and Involuntary, Traumatic and Nontraumatic Autobiographical Memories in People with and Without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms. Journal of Experimental Psyhcology: General, 137(4), 591-614. doi.org/10.1037/a0013165
- Sack, M., Sachsse, U., Overkamp, B. y Dulz, B. (2013). Trauma-related disorders in patients with borderline personality disorders. Results of a multicenter study (in German). Nervenarzt, 84; 608–614. doi.org/10.1007/s00115-012-3489-6
- Santamaría, P. (2009). Inventario Multifásico de la Personalidad de Minnesota-2 Reestructurado. Adaptación española. Madrid: TEA Ediciones.
- Scheiderer, E. M., Wood, P.K. y Trull, T.J. (2015). The comorbidity of borderline personality disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: revisiting the prevalence and associations in a general population sample. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation 2, 11. doi.org/10.1186/s40479-015-0032-y
- Taylor, M. J., Martin, J., Lu, Y., Lundström, S., Larsson, H. y Lichtenstein, P. (2018). Association of genetic risk factors for psychiatric disorders and traits of these disorders in a Swedish population twin sample. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(3):280-289. doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3652
- Vázquez, C., Castilla, C. y Hervás, G. (2009). Reacciones frente al trauma: vulnerabilidad, resistencia y crecimiento. En E. G. Fernández-Abascal (Ed.), Emociones positivas (pp. 375-392). Madrid: Pirámide.
- Villacampa, C., Cerezo Domínguez, A.I. y Gómez Gutiérrez, M. (2019). Introducción a la victimología. Ed. Síntesis.
- Zanarini, M.C., Hörz, S., Frankenburg, F.R., Weingeroff, J., Reich, D.B. y Fitzmaurice, G. (2011). The 10-year course of PTSD in borderline patients and axis II comparison subjects. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 124; 349–356. doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01717.x
- Ortiz-Tallo, M., Santamaría, P., Cardenal, V. y Sánchez, P. (2011). Adaptación española del PAI. Inventario de Evaluación de la Personalidad. Madrid: TEA Ediciones.