Las rutas de indefinición y las dimensiones de la cohesión social. La desigualdad como dimensión distintiva
-
1
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
info
ISSN: 0185-1918, 2448-492X
Año de publicación: 2023
Título del ejemplar: Polarización, jerarquización y (des)integración: procesos actuales de desigualdad social
Volumen: 68
Número: 249
Tipo: Artículo
Otras publicaciones en: Revista mexicana de ciencias políticas y sociales
Resumen
This paper shows that the theoretical, empirical, and institutional development of the concept of social cohesion has implied a high degree of ambiguity that is manifested in six dilemmas of lack of definition, and in an overlap between this concept with those of community and so-cial capital. On this basis, and admitting this ambiguity, the objectives of this article are: 1)to locate the defining dimensions of cohesion from the variables used in 54 academic arti-cles, 2) to link the results with the way in which international organizations understand this concept, and 3) to be able to conclude that so-cial cohesion is defined from eight dimensions, which refer to a double equation of objective and subjective group membership, that over-laps with the community and social capital, but which also has a differentiating dimension: inequality.
Referencias bibliográficas
- Adams, Jeffery; Witten, Karen y Kim Conway (2009) “Community development as health promotion: evaluating a complex locality-based project in New Zealand” Community Development Journal, 44(2): 140-157.
- Alatas, Syed Farid; Ghee, Lim Teck y Kazuhide Kuroda (2003) Asian Interfaith Dialogue: Perspectives on Religion, Education and Social Cohesion. Washington: Centre for Research on Islamic and Malay Affairs, World Bank.
- Alí, S.; O’Callaghan, V.; Middleton, J.D. y R. Little (2007) “A prospective mini health impact assessment of the ‘Towards 2010’ programme in Sandwell andWest Birmingham in the West Midlands” Public Health, 121(6): 469-81.
- Almeida-Filho, Naomar; Kawachi, Ichiro; Pellegrini Filho, Alberto y Norberto Dachs (2003) “Research on Health Inequalities in Latin America and the Caribbean: Bibliometric Analysis (1971-2000) and Descriptive Content Analysis (1971-1995)” American Journal of Public Health, 93(12): 2037-2043.
- Barrington, Clare; Latkin, Carl; Sweat, Michael; Moreno, Luis; Ellen, Jonathan y Deanna Kerrigan (2009) “Talking the talk, walking the walk: social network norms, communication patterns, and condom use among the male partners of female sex workers in La Romana, Dominican Republic” Social Science & Medicine, 68(11): 2037-2044.
- Berger, Peter L. (coord.) (1999) Los límites de la cohesión social: conflicto y mediación en las sociedades pluralistas: Informe de la Fundación Bertelsman al Club de Roma. Madrid: Galaxia Gutenberg.
- Berman, Yitzhak y David Phillips (2004) Indicators for Social Cohesion. Ámsterdam: European Network on Indicators of Social Quality of the European Foundation on Social Quality.
- Berman, Yitzhak y David Phillips (2000) “Indicators of social quality and social exclusion at national and community level” Social Indicators Research, 50(3): 329-350.
- Bessis, Sophia (1995) De la exclusión social a la cohesión social. Síntesis del coloquio de Roskilde. París: UNESCO.
- Blumer, Herbert (1956) “Sociological Analysis and the ‘Variable’” American Sociological Review, 21(6): 683-690.
- Blumer, Herbert y Paul F. Lazarsfeld (1958) “Evidence and Inference in Social Research” Daedalus, 87(4): 99-130.
- Bolt, Gideon; Burgers, Jack y Ronald Van Kempen (1998) “On the social significance of spatial location; spatial segregation and social inclusion” Netherlands Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 13(1): 83-95.
- Botterman, Sarah; Hooghe, Marc y Tim Reeskens (2012) “One Size Fits All’? An Empirical Study into the Multidimensionality of Social Cohesion Indicators in Belgian Local Communities” Urban Studies, 49(1): 185-202.
- Bounomo Zabaleta, Mariela y Pablo Yanes (2013) Crecimiento económico y cohesión social en América Latina y el Caribe. Ciudad de México: Cepal.
- Bufon, Milan (2006) “Between social and spatial convergence and divergence: an exploration into the political geography of European contact areas” GeoJournal, 66(4): 341-352.
- Bufon, Milan (2011) “Cross-border policies and spatial and social integration: between challenges and problems” European Spatial Research and Policy, 18(2): 29-45.
- Burns, Justine; Lefko-Everett, Kate y Lindokuhle Njozela (2018) From Definition to Measurement: Constructing a Social Cohesion Index for South Africa. Working Paper 217. SALDRU.
- Bussmann, Margit y Gerard Schneider (2007) “When Globalization Discontent Turns Violent: Foreign Economic Liberalization and Internal War” International Studies Quarterly, 51(1): 79-97.
- Cepal (2010) América Latina frente al espejo: dimensiones objetivas y subjetivas de la inequidad social y el bienestar en la región. Santiago de Chile: Unidad de Estadísticas Sociales Cepal.
- Cladera, Josep; Duarte, Carlos y Montserrat Moix (2009) “Urban structure and polycentrism: towards a redefinition of the sub-centre concept” Urban Studies, 46(13): 2841-2868.
- Colletta, Nat J. y Michelle L. Cullen (2000) The Nexus Between Violent Conflict, Social Capital and Social Cohesion: Case Studies from Cambodia and Rwanda. Working paper. Social Development Family, Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network, World Bank.
- Consejo de Europa (2015) Concerted Development of Social Cohesion Indicators, Methodological Guide. Bruselas: Council of Europe Publishing.
- Contini, Rina Manuela y Antonio Maturo (2010a) “Multi-ethnic society and cross-cultural perspectives in the school” Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5: 1637-1645.
- Contini, Rina Manuela y Antonio Maturo (2010b) “Statistical and mathematical models for the analysis of educational processes in the intercultural school” Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9: 2074-2082.
- Corrochano, David (2014) La producción bibliográfica sobre cohesión social. Dimensiones, variables e indicadores en las agendas institucional y científica internacional, en Latinoamérica y México. Ciudad de México: Documento del Laboratorio de la Cohesión Social México-Unión Europea I, mimeografiado.
- Coser, Lewis (1956) The functions of Social Conflict. Nueva York: Routledge.
- Coser, Lewis y Bernard Rosenberg (eds.) (1969) Sociological Theory: A books of readings. Nueva York: MacMillan.
- Cradock, Angie; Kawachi, Ichiro; Colditz, Graham; Gortmarker, Steven y Stephen Buka (2009) “Neighborhood social cohesion and youth participation in physical activity in Chicago” Social Science & Medicine, 68(3): 427-435.
- Del Campo, Esther (2010) “La nueva agenda de la cohesión social y territorial: Políticas públicas locales para la cohesión social” en Plataforma de Liderazgo Local del Programa URB-AL III. Madrid: FIIAPP.
- Diez-Roux, Ana V. (2001) “Investigating Neighborhood and Area Effects on Health” American Journal of Public Health, 91(11): 1783-1789.
- Diez-Roux, Ana V. (2012) “Conceptual approaches to the study of health disparities” Annual Review of Political Health, 33: 41-58.
- Diez-Roux, Ana V.; Link, Bruce G. y Mary E. Northridge (2000) “A Multilevel Analysis of Income Inequality and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors” Social Science & Medicine, 50(5): 673-687.
- Duarte, Carlos y Mariana Stallbohm (2008) “En contra de la ciudad fragmentada: ¿hacia un cambio de paradigma urbanístico en la Región Metropolitana de Barcelona?” Scripta Nova: revista electrónica de geografía y ciencias sociales, 12.
- Durkheim, Emile (1982) El suicidio. Madrid: Akal.
- Durkheim, Emile (1988) Las reglas del método sociológico y otros escritos sobre filosofía de las ciencias sociales. Madrid: Alianza.
- Egan, Matt; Bond, Lyndal; Kearns, Ade y Carol Tannahill (2012) “Is Concern about Young People’s Anti-Social Behaviour Associated with Poor Health? Cross-Sectional Evidence from Residents of Deprived Urban Neighbourhoods” BMC Public Health, 12(1): 1-11.
- Engel, Wanda (2004) Integral Policies of Poverty Reduction: The Challenge of Effectiveness. Washington: Inter-American Development Bank.
- Feres, Juan Carlos y Pablo Villatoro (coords.) (2010) Cohesión social en América Latina y el Caribe: una revisión de conceptos, marcos de referencia e indicadores. Santiago de Chile: Cepal/Naciones Unidas.
- Ferroni, Marco (2006) Social Capital and Social Cohesion: Definition and Measurement [en línea]. Washington: Inter-American Development Bank- Sustainable Development Departament, Power Point Presentation. Disponible en:
- Ferroni, Marco; Mateo-Berganza Díaz, Mercedes y Mark Payne (2007) Development under conditions of inequality and distrust: An exploration of the role of social capital and social cohesion in Latin America. Working paper. Departamento de Desarrollo Sostenible. División de Estado, Gobernabilidad y Sociedad Civil, Inter-American Development Bank.
- Ferroni, Marco; Mateo-Berganza Díaz, Mercedes y Mark Payne (2008) Social Cohesion and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean: Analysis, Action, and Coordination. Working paper. Departamento de Desarrollo Sostenible, División de Estado, Gobernabilidad y Sociedad Civil, Inter-American Development Bank.
- Fonner, Virginia A.; Kerrigan, Deanna; Mnisi, Zandili; Ketende, Sosthenes; Kennedy, Caitlin E. y Stefan Baral (2014) “Social cohesion, social participation, and HIV related risk among female sex workers in Swaziland” PloS one, 9(1).
- Fonseca, Xavier; Lukosch, Stephan y Frances Brazier (2019) “Social Cohesion Revisited: a New Definition and How to Characterize It” Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 32(2): 231-253.
- Forrest, Ray y Ade Kearns (2001) “Social Cohesion, Social Capital and the Neighbourhood” Urban Studies, 38(12): 2125-2143.
- Franco, Rolando y Miguel Szêkely Pardo (coord.) (2010) Institucionalidad social en América Latina. Documento de proyecto 312. Santiago de Chile: Cepal.
- Galea, Sandro y David Vlahov (2005) “Urban Health: Evidence, Challenges, and Directions” Annual Review Public Health, 26: 341-365.
- Gold, Rachel; Kennedy, Bruce P.; Connell, Fred e Ichiro Kawachi (2002) “Teen Births, Income Inequality, and Social Capital: Developing and Understanding of the Causal Pathway” Health & Place, 8(2): 77-83.
- Green, Andy; Janmaat, Jan Germen y Christine Han (2009) Regimes of social cohesion, Londres: LLAKES Research papers, Centre for Learning and Life Chances in Knowledge Economies and Societies.
- Guerrero, Juan Bacilio y Juan Alberto Acosta (2013) “Construcción del Índice de Cohesión Social para México: Una propuesta mediante un análisis de componentes principales” Analítika, 6(2): 33-47.
- Hemerijck, Antón y Werner Eichhorst (2009) “Whatever Happened to the Bismarckian Welfare State? From Labor Shedding to Employment-Friendly Reforms” IZA Discussion Paper (4085).
- Heyneman, Stephen P. (2000) “From the Party/state to Multiethnic Democracy: Education and Social Cohesion in Europe and Central Asia” Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 22(2): 173-191.
- Heyneman, Stephen P. (2004) “Education and Corruption” International Journal of Educational Development, 24(6): 637-648.
- Hrast, Maša Filipovič y Karien Dekker (2009) “Old habits die hard? Neighbourhood participation in post-WWII neighbourhoods in Slovenia and the Netherlands” Cities, 26(3): 48-157.
- Hulse, Kath y Wendy Stone (2005) “Housing and Social Cohesion: What Role for Housing Policy and Assistance?” [pdf] en Building Diversity: Proceedings of the National Housing Conference. Disponible en:
- Hulse, Kath y Wendy Stone (2007) “Social cohesion, social capital and social exclusion: a cross cultural comparison” Policy Studies, 28(2): 109-128.
- Hyde, Mark; Dixon, John y Melanie Joyner (1999) ““Work for those that can, security for those that cannot”: The United Kingdom’s new social security reform agenda” International Social Security Review, 52(4): 69-86.
- Jaldun, Ibn (1997) Introducción a la Historia Universal. Ciudad de México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
- Jenson, Jane (2010a) “Diffusing Ideas for After Neoliberalism the Social Investment Perspective in Europe and Latin America” Global Social Policy, 10(1): 59-84.
- Jenson, Jane (2010b) Defining and measuring social cohesion. Commonwealth Secretariat. Hampshire: Commonwealth and United Nations Research Institute of Social Development.
- Juul, Søren (2010) “Solidarity and social cohesion in late modernity: A question of recognition, justice and judgement in situation” European Journal of Social Theory, 13(2): 253-269.
- Juul, Søren (2012) “Incentives, contract policy, and disrespect: a critical normative analysis of changes in welfare policy leading to the disrespect of ethnic minorities in Denmark” Distinktion: Scandinavian Journal of Social Theory, 13(1): 61-76.
- Kawachi, Ichiro; Kennedy, Bruce P.; Lochner, Kimberly y Deborah Prothrow-Stith (1997) “Social Capital, Income Inequality, and Mortality” American Journal of Public Health, 87(9): 1491-1498.
- Kawachi, Ichiro; Kennedy, Bruce P. y Richard Wilkinson (1999) “Crime: Social Disorganization and Relative Deprivation” Social Science & Medicine, 48(6): 719-731.
- Kawachi, Ichiro; Kennedy, Bruce P. y Roberta Glass (1999) “Social Capital and Self-rated Health: a Contextual Analysis” American Journal of Public Health, 89(8): 1187-1193.
- Kawachi, Ichiro; Kim, Daniel; Coutts, Adam y SV Subramanian (2004) “Commentary: Reconciling the Three Accounts of Social Capital” International Journal of Epidemiology, 33(4): 682-690.
- Kawachi, Ichiro y Bruce P. Kennedy (1997) “Socioeconomic Determinants of Health: Health and Social Cohesion: Why Care about Income Inequality?” BMJ, 314.
- Kearns, Ade y Ray Forrest (2000) “Social Cohesion and Multilevel Urban Governance” Urban Studies, 37(5-6): 995–1017.
- Kim, Daniel; Diez Roux, Ana V.; Kiefe, Catarina I.; Kawachi, Ichiro y Kiang Liu (2010) “Do neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and low social cohesion predict coronary calcification? The CARDIA study” American Journal of Epidemiology, 3(1): 288-298.
- Kropp, Walter W. y James K. Lein (2012) “Assessing the Geographic Expression of Urban Sustainability: A Scenario Based Approach Incorporating Spatial Multicriteria Decision Analysis” Sustainability, 4(9): 2348-2365.
- Labonte, Ronald (2004) “Social Inclusion/Exclusion: Dancing the Dialectic” Health Promotion International, 19(1): 115-121.
- Lahera, Eugenio; Ottone, Ernesto y Osvaldo Rosales V. (1995) “Una síntesis de la propuesta de la Cepal” Revista de la Cepal, 55: 7-25.
- Laiglesia, Juan (2011) Perspectives on Global Development 2012, Social Cohesion in a Shifting World? Ciudad de México: OECD Publishing.
- Lantz, Paula M.; Mujahid, Mahasin; Schwart, Kendra y Nancy K. Janz (2006) “The Influence of Race, Ethnicity, and Individual Socioeconomic Factors on Breast Cancer Stage at Diagnosis” American Journal of Public Health, 96(12): 2173-2178.
- Li, Kelin; Wen, Ming y Kevin A. Henry (2014) “Residential Racial Composition and Black-White Obesity Risks: Differential Effects of Neighborhood Social and Built Environment” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(1): 626-642.
- Lochner, Kimberly; Kawachi, Ichiro y Bruce P. Kennedy (1999) “Social Capital: A Guide to its Measurement” Health & Place, 5(4): 259-270.
- Lochner, Kimberly; Pamuk, Elsie; Makuc, Diane; Kennedy, Bruce P. e Ichiro Kawachi (2001) “State-Level Income Inequality and Individual Mortality Risk: A Prospective, Multilevel Study” American Journal of Public Health, 91(3): 385-391.
- Lynch, John (2000) “Income inequality and health: expanding the debate. Social science & medicine” Social Science and Medicine, 51(7): 1001-1005.
- Lynch, John, Due, P.; Muntaner, C. y G.D. Smith (2000) “Social capital—Is it a good investment strategy for public health?” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 54(6):404-408.
- Lynch, John W.; Smith, G.D.; Kaplan, G.A. y J.S. House (2000) “Income inequality and mortality: importance to health of individual income, psychosocial environment, or material conditions” British Medical Journal, 320(7243): 1200-1204.
- Majone, Giandomenico (2000) Evidencia, argumentación y persuasión en la formulación de políticas públicas. Ciudad de México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
- Maldonado, Carlos; Marinho, María Luisa y Claudia Robles (eds.) (2020) Inclusión y cohesión social en el marco de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible. Santiago de Chile: Documentos de proyectos, estudios e investigaciones, Cepal.
- Mann, Michael (1970) “The Social Cohesion of Liberal Democracy” American Sociological Review, 35(3): 423-439.
- Márquez, Rodrigo (2010) “Revisión crítica del enfoque de cohesión social de la Cepal y desafíos para su operacionalización” en Feres, Juan Carlos y Pablo Villatoro (coord.) Cohesión social en América Latina: una revisión de conceptos, marcos de referencia e indicadores. Santiago de Chile: Cepal, pp. 17-38.
- Marzbali, Massoomeh Hedayati; Abdula, Aldrin; Abd Razak, Nordin y Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi Tilaki (2014) “Examining Social Cohesion and Victimization in a Malaysian Multiethnic Neighborhood” International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 42(4): 384-405.
- McDaniel, Susan A. (1997) “Intergenerational transfers, social solidarity and social policy: Unaswered questions and policy challenges” Canadian Public Policy, 23: 1-21.
- McDaniel, Susan A. (2004) “Generationing gender: Justice and the division of welfare” Journal of Aging Studies, 18(1): 27-44.
- Merton, Robert K. (1948) “The Bearing of Empirical Research Upon the Development of Social Theory” American Sociological Review, 13(5): 505-515.
- Merton, Robert K. (2002) Teoría y estructura sociales. 4ta ed. Ciudad de México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
- Moreno, Jacob L. (1950) “Note on Cohesion in Social Groups” Sociometry, 13(2).
- Moreno, Jacob L. y Helen H. Jennings (1938) “Statistics of Social Configurations” Sociometry, 1(3): 342-374.
- Mujahid, Mahasin S.; Diez-Roux, Ana V.; Morenoff, Jeffrey D. y Trivellore Raghunathan (2007) “Assessing the Measurement Properties of Neighborhood Scales: from Psychometrics to Ecometrics” American Journal of Epidemiology, 165(8): 858-867.
- Muntaner, Carles y John Lynch (1999) “Income Inequality, Social Cohesion, and Class Relations: a Critique of Wilkinson’s neo-Durkheimian Research Program” International Journal of Health Services (29): 59-82.
- Muntaner, Carles y John Lynch (2002) “Social Capital, Class Gender and Race Conflict, and Population Health: An Essay Review of Bowling Alone’s Implications for Social Epidemiology Bowling Alone. The collapse and revival of American community” International Journal of Epidemiology, 31(1): 261-267.
- Muntaner, Carles; Oates, Gary y John Lynch (1999) “Social Class and Social Cohesion: a Content Validity Analysis Using a Nonrecursive Structural Equation Model” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896(1): 409-413.
- Murphy, Robert F. (1957) “Intergroup Hostility and Social Cohesion” American Anthropologist, 59(6): 1018-1035.
- Oakeshott, Michael (2000) El racionalismo en la política y otros ensayos. Ciudad de México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
- Osler, Audrey (2009) “Citizenship education, democracy and racial justice 10 years on” Race Equality Teaching, 27(3): 21-27.
- Osler, Audrey y Hugh Starkey (2002) “Education for Citizenship: mainstreaming the fight against racism?” European Journal of Education, 37(2): 143-159.
- Osler, Audrey y Hugh Starkey (2001) “Citizenship education and national identities in France and England: inclusive or exclusive?” Oxford Review of Education, 27(2): 287-305.
- Osler, Audrey y Lena Lybaek (2014) “Educating ‘the new Norwegian we’: an examination of national and cosmopolitan education policy discourses in the context of extremism and Islamophobia” Oxford Review of Education, 40(5): 543-566.
- Ottone, Ernesto (2007) “Del Desarrollo Social a la Cohesión Social: algo más que un Giro Semántico en las Propuestas de la Cepal” en Ciclo de Conferencias Tribuna de las Economías Latinoamericanas, París, 27-29 de abril.
- Pabayo, Roman; Belsky, Jai; Gauvin, Lise y Sara Curtis (2011) “Do Area Characteristics Predict Change in Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity from Ages 11 to 15 years?” Social Science & Medicine, 72(3): 430-438.
- Pabayo, Roman; Janosz, Michel; Bisset, Sherri e Ichiro Kawachi (2014) “School Social Fragmentation, Economic Deprivation and Social Cohesion and Adolescent Physical Inactivity: A Longitudinal Study” PloS one, 9(6).
- Pabayo, Roman; Molnar, Beth E. e Ichiro Kawachi (2014) “The Role of Neighborhood Income Inequality in Adolescent Aggression and Violence” Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(4): 571-579.
- Papastamatis, Adamantios, et al. (2009) “Facilitating teachers’ and educators’ effective professional development” Review of European Studies, 1(2): 83-88.
- Papastamatis, Adamantios y Eugenia Panitsidou (2009) “The aspect of ‘accessibility’in the light of European lifelong learning strategies: Adult education centres—a case study” International Journal of Lifelong Education, 28(3): 335-351.
- Parsons, Talcott (1987) El sistema de las sociedades modernas. Ciudad de México: Trillas.
- Pharr, Susan J. y Robert D. Putnam (ed.) (2000) Disaffected democracies: what’s troubling the trilateral countries? Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Portes, Alejandro (2000) “Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology” en Lesser, Eric L. (ed.) Knowledge and Social Capital. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 43-67.
- Portes, Alejandro y Erik Vickstrom (2011) “Diversity, Social Capital, and Cohesion” Annual Review of Sociology, 37: 461-479.
- Portes, Alejandro y Erik Vickstrom (2012) “Diversidad, capital social y cohesión” Revista Española de Sociología, 17: 83-107.
- Putnam, Robert D. (2004) “‘Health by association’: some comments” International Journal of Epidemiology, 33(4): 667-671.
- Quaynor, Laura J. (2012) “Citizenship education in post-conflict contexts: A review of the literature” Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 7(1): 33-57.
- Raphael, Dennis; Macdonald, Jennifer; Colman, Ronald; Labonte, Ronald; Hayward, Karen y Renee Togerson (2005) “Researching Income and Income Distribution as Determinants of Health in Canada: Gaps Between Theoretical Knowledge, Research practice, and Policy Implementation” Health Policy, 72(2): 217-232.
- Ritzen, J. M. M.; Easterly, William y Michael JV Woolcock (2000) On “good” Politicians and “bad” Policies: Social Cohesion, Institutions, and Growth. Washington: World Bank Publications.
- Sampson, Robert J.; Raudenbush, Stephen W. y Felton Earls (1997) “Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy” Science, 277(5328): 918-924.
- Sanchez, Adriana X.; Van Der Heijden, Jeroen y Paul Osmond (2018) “The City Politics of an Urban Age: Urban Resilience Conceptualisations and Policies” Palgrave Communications, 4(25): 1-12.
- Schiefer, David y Jolanda Van der Noll (2017) “The Essentials of Social Cohesion: A Literature Review” Social Indicators Research, 132(2): 579-603.
- Schölmerich, Vera; Erdem, Özcan; Borsboom, Gerard; Ghorashi, Peter; Steegers, Eric A. P.; Kawachi, Ichiro y Semiha Denktas (2014) “The Association of Neighborhood Social Capital and Ethnic (Minority) Density with Pregnancy Outcomes in the Netherlands” PloS one, 9(5).
- Seaman, Peter J.; Jones, Russell y Anne Ellaway (2010) “It’s not just about the park, it’s about integration too: why people choose to use or not use urban greenspaces” Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 7(78).
- Shan, Hongxia; Muhajarine, Nazeem; Loptson, Kristjana y Bonnie Jeffery (2014) “Building social capital as a pathway to success: community development practices of an early childhood intervention program in Canada” Health Promotion International, 29(2): 244-255.
- Siddiqi, Arjumand; Kawachi, Ichiro; Keating Daniel P. y Clyde Hertzman (2013) “A Comparative Study of Population Health in the United States and Canada during the Neoliberal Era, 1980-2008” International Journal of Health Services, 43(2): 193-216.
- Simmel, Georg (1977) Sociología. Estudio sobre las formas de socialización. 2da ed. Madrid: Revista de Occidente.
- Simmel, Georg (2011) El pobre. Madrid: Sequitur.
- Sojo, Ana y Andras Uthoff (eds.) (2007) Cohesión social en América Latina y el Caribe: una revisión perentoria de algunas de sus dimensiones. Santiago de Chile: Documento de proyecto Cepal.
- Sorj, Bernardo y Danilo Martuccelli (2008) El desafío latinoamericano: cohesión social y democracia. San Pablo: Instituto Fernando Henrique Cardoso.
- Takagi, Daisuke; Kondo, Katsunori; Kondo, Naoki; Cable, Noriko; Ikeda, Ken’ichi e Ichiro Kawachi (2013) “Social Disorganization/Social Fragmentation and Risk of Depression among Older People in Japan: Multilevel Investigation of Indices of Social Distance” Social Science & Medicin (83): 81-89.
- Tönnies, Ferdinand (1986) “El nacimiento de mis conceptos de «comunidad» y «sociedad»” Sociológica, 1(1).
- Van Marissing, Erik; Bolt, Gideon y Ronald Van Kempen (2006) “Urban governance and social cohesion: Effects of urban restructuring policies in two Dutch cities” Cities, 23(4): 279-290.
- Vasta, Ellie y Leander Kandilige (2010) “‘London the Leveller’: Ghanaian Work Strategies and Community Solidarity” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(4): 581-598.
- Villatoro, Pablo S. (2007) Un sistema de indicadores para el seguimiento de la cohesión social en América Latina. Santiago de Chile: Cepal.
- Villatoro, Pablo S. (2017) Indicadores no monetarios de pobreza: avances y desafíos para su medición. Memoria del seminario regional realizado en Santiago, los días 15 y 16 de mayo de 2017, Santiago de Chile: Serie Seminarios y Conferencias Cepal.
- Villatoro, Pablo S. y Elizabeth Rivera (2007) La cohesión social en los países desarrollados: conceptos e indicadores. Santiago de Chile: Serie Estudios Estadísticos y Prospectivos Cepal.
- Wilkinson, Richard G. (1997) “Comment: Income, Inequality, and Social Cohesion” American Journal of Public Health, 87(9).
- Wilkinson, Richard G. (1999) “Inequalities and Health-Income Inequality, Social Cohesion, and Health: Clarifying the Theory-A Reply to Muntaner and Lynch” International Journal of Health Services, 29(3): 525-544.
- Wilkinson, Richard G.; Kawachi, Ichiro y Bruce P. Kennedy (1998) “Mortality, the Social Environment, Crime and Violence” Sociology of Health & Illness, 20(5): 578-597.
- Witten, Karen; McCreanor, Tim; Kearns, Robin y Laxmi Ramasubramanian (2001) “The Impacts of a School Closure on Neighbourhood Social Cohesion: Narratives from Invercargill, New Zealand” Health & Place, 7(4): 307-317.