Self-Affirmation Effect on Risk Perception and the Moderating Role of Self-Efficacy in Anti-Alcohol Messages

  1. Stanojlović, Milena 2
  2. Cambra, Ubaldo Cuesta 2
  3. Paredes, Borja 4
  4. Lamprinakos, Grigorio 1
  5. Stavraki, Maria 3
  1. 1 3 Department of Marketing and Communication , Athens University of Economics and Business , Spain
  2. 2 1 Department of Audiovisual Communication and Advertising II , School of Communication Science, Complutense University of Madrid , Spain
  3. 3 4 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education , University of Castilla-La Mancha Ronda de Calatrava , Spain
  4. 4 2 Department of Social and Organizational Psychology , National Distance Education University , Spain
Mostrar afiliaciones +
Revista:
Humanities Today: Proceedings

ISSN: 2821-8795

Año de publicación: 2023

Volumen: 2

Número: 1

Páginas: 49-62

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.2478/HTPR-2023-0006 GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: Humanities Today: Proceedings

Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible

Resumen

The beneficial effect of self-affirmation on the reduction of people’s defensive responses and the increase in message acceptance has been widely demonstrated in different health-related topics. However, little is known about the specific conditions in which self-affirmation strategies might be more effective. Our objective is to explore the interplay of self-affirmation and self-efficacy in the context of alcohol consumption. Recruited participants were randomly assigned to either a self-affirmation group or a no-treatment group and exposed to a video describing several consequences of alcohol consumption. Following the message exposure, participant’s drinking refusal self-efficacy was measured together with their perceived risk of daily alcohol intake. In line with our predictions, self-affirmed individuals who reported higher drinking refusal self-efficacy perceived daily alcohol consumption as a significantly higher risk than those who were assigned to the no-treatment condition. In contrast, for individuals with low drinking refusal self-efficacy, there was no significant difference in the perceived risk between the self-affirmed and the non-affirmed. We predicted and showed that self-affirmation influences the risk perception of daily drinking only for the people who reported higher drinking refusal self-efficacy. This indicates that self-efficacy could be an important factor that moderates the effect of self-affirmation in alcohol consumption domain

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Abel, E. L., & Sokol, R. J. (1987). Incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome and economic impact of FAS-related anomalies. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 19, 51-70. doi: 10.1016/0376-8716(87)90087-1
  • Antón-Ruiz, F. A. & Espada, J. P. (2009). Consumo de sustancias y conductas sexuales de riesgo para la transmisión del VIH en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios. Anales de Psicología, 25, 344-350. Retrieved from http://www.um.es/analesps/v25/v25_2/17-25_2.pdf
  • Armitage, C. J., Harris, P. R., Hepton, G., & Napper, L. (2008). Self-affirmation increases acceptance of health-risk information among UK adult smokers with low socioeconomic status. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22, 88-95. doi: 10.1037/0893-164X.22.1.88
  • Baliunas, D., Rehm, J., Irving, H., & Shuper, P. (2010). Alcohol consumption and risk of incident human immunodeficiency virus infection: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Public Health, 55, 159-166. doi: 10.1007/s00038-009-0095-x
  • Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122-147. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122
  • Bandura, A. (1991). Self-efficacy mechanism in physiological activation and health-promoting behavior. In J. Madden, IV (Ed.), Neurobiology of learning, emotion and affect (pp. 229-270). New York, NY: Raven.
  • Bandura, A. (1994). Social cognitive theory and exercise of control over HIV infection. In R. J. DiClemente and J. L. Peterson (Eds.), Preventing AIDS: Theories and methods of behavioral interventions (pp. 25-59). New York, NY: Plenum.
  • Bassili, J. N. (1996). Meta-judgmental versus operative indexes of psychological attributes: The case of measures of attitude strength. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 637-653. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.71.4.637
  • Boden, J. M., & Fergusson, D. M. (2011). Alcohol and depression. Addiction, 106, 906-914. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03351.x
  • Briñol, P., Gallardo, I., Horcajo, J., De La Corte, L., Valle, C., & Díaz, D. (2004). Afirmación, confianza y persuasión. Psicothema, 16, 27-31. Retrieved from https://www.uam.es/otros/persuasion/papers/2004%20Psicothema%20-auto-afirmacion%20pre-.pdf
  • Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2015). Elaboration and validation processes: Implications for media attitude change. Media Psychology, 18, 267-291. doi: 10.1080/15213269.2015.1008103
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32, 513-531. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.32.7.513
  • Cohen, G. L., & Sherman, D. K. (2014). The psychology of change: Self-affirmation and social psychological intervention. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 333-371. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115137
  • Cohen, G. L., Aronson, J., & Steele, C. M. (2000). When beliefs yield to evidence: Reducing biased evaluation by affirming the self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1151-1164. doi: 10.1177/01461672002611011
  • Connor, J. P., George, S. M., Gullo, M. J., Kelly, A. B., & Young, R. M. (2011). A prospective study of alcohol expectancies and self-efficacy as predictors of young adolescent alcohol misuse. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 46, 161-169. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agr004
  • DeJong, W., & Atkin, C. K. (1995). A review of national television PSA campaigns for preventing alcohol-impaired driving, 1987–1992. Journal of Public Health Policy, 16, 59-80. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=A+review+of+national+television+PSA+campaigns+for+preventing+alcohol-impaired+driving%2C+1987%E2%80%931992
  • Ehret, P. J., & Sherman, D. K. (2014). Public policy and health a self-affirmation perspective. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1, 222-230. doi: 10.1177/2372732214549472
  • Epton, T., Harris, P. R., Kane, R., Van Koningsbruggen, G. M., & Sheeran, P. (2015). The impact of self-affirmation on health-behavior change: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 34, 187-196. doi: 10.1037/hea0000116
  • Goldstein, V. et al. (Writer), & Zuber, F. (Director). (2008). Alcoholismo: Abuso [Television series episode]. In Cabello, P. (Executive Producer), Mejor hablar de ciertas cosas. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Canal Encuentro. Retrieved from http://encuentro.gob.ar/programas/serie/8013/1200
  • Haddock, G., & Gebauer, J. E. (2011). Defensive self-esteem impacts attention, attitude strength, and self-affirmation processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 1276-1284. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.05.020
  • Hahn, J. A., Woolf-King, S. E., & Muyindike, W. (2011). Adding fuel to the fire: alcohol’s effect on the HIV epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 8, 172-180. doi: 10.1007/s11904-011-0088-2
  • Harris, P. R., & Epton, T. (2009). The impact of self-affirmation on health cognition, health behavior and other health related responses: A narrative review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3, 962–978. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00233.x
  • Harris, P. R., & Napper, L. (2005). Self-affirmation and the biased processing of threatening health-risk information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1250-1263. doi: 10.1177/0146167205274694
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer (2012). IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. A review of human carcinogens: Personal habits and indoor combustions, vol. 100E. Lyon, France: IARC. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/bookorders/anglais/detart1.jsp?sesslan=1&codlan=1&codcol=72&codcch=100
  • Jang, S. A., Rimal, R. N., & Cho, N. (2013). Normative influences and alcohol consumption: The role of drinking refusal self-efficacy. Health Communication, 28, 443-451. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2012.691455
  • Kessler, R. C., & Üstün, T. B. (2004). The world mental health (WMH) survey initiative version of the world health organization (WHO) composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 13, 93-121. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297906
  • Klein, W. M., & Harris, P. R. (2009). Self-affirmation enhances attentional bias toward threatening components of a persuasive message. Psychological Science, 20, 1463-1467. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02467.x
  • Klein, W. M., Harris, P. R., Ferrer, R. A., & Zajac, L. E. (2011). Feelings of vulnerability in response to threatening messages: Effects of self-affirmation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 1237-1242. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.05.005
  • Lim, S. S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., ... & Aryee, M. (2013). A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The Lancet, 380, 2224-2260. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8
  • Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad [MSSSI] (2016). ESTUDES 2014/2015. Encuesta sobre uso de drogas en enseñanzas secundarias en España [ESTUDES 2014/2015. Survey on drug use in the High School system in Spain] Retrieved from http://www.pnsd.msssi.gob.es/profesionales/sistemasInformacion/sistemaInformacion/pdf/2016_ESTUDES_2014-2015.pdf
  • Oei, T. P., & Baldwin, A. R. (1994). Expectancy theory: A two-process model of alcohol use and abuse. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 55, 525-534. doi: 10.15288/jsa.1994.55.525
  • Petrocelli, J. V., Tormala, Z. L., & Rucker, D. D. (2007). Unpacking attitude certainty: Attitude clarity and attitude correctness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 30-41. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.30
  • Rehm, J., Baliunas, D., Borges, G. L., Graham, K., Irving, H., Kehoe, T., ... & Roerecke, M. (2010). The relation between different dimensions of alcohol consumption and burden of disease: an overview. Addiction, 105, 817-843. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02899.x
  • Rehm, J., Mathers, C., Popova, S., Thavorncharoensap, M., Teerawattananon, Y., & Patra, J. (2009). Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. The Lancet, 373, 2223-2233. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60746-7
  • Room, R. (2005). Stigma, social inequality and alcohol and drug use. Drug and Alcohol Review, 24, 143-155. doi: 10.1080/09595230500102434
  • Rucker, D. D., & Petty, R. E. (2004). When resistance is futile: Consequences of failed counterarguing for attitude certainty. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 219-235. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.219
  • Rumpf, H. J., Hapke, U., Meyer, C., & John, U. (2002). Screening for alcohol use disorders and at-risk drinking in the general population: psychometric performance of three questionnaires. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 37, 261-268. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/37.3.261
  • Scott, J. L., Brown, A. C., Phair, J. K., Westland, J. N., & Schüz, B. (2013). Self-affirmation, intentions and alcohol consumption in students: A randomized exploratory trial. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 48, 458-463. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agt027
  • Sherman, D. K. (2013). Self-Affirmation: Understanding the effects. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7, 834-845. doi: 10.1111/spc3.12072
  • Sherman, D. K., & Cohen, G. L. (2006). The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 38, pp. 183–242). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Sherman, D. K., Nelson, L. D., & Steele, C. M. (2000). Do messages about health risks threaten the self? Increasing the acceptance of threatening health messages via self-affirmation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1046–1058. doi: 10.1177/01461672002611003
  • Sherman, D.K., Hartson, K.A., Binning, K.R., Purdie-Vaughns V., Garcia, J., Taborsky-Barba S., … Cohen G.L. (2013). Deflecting the trajectory and changing the narrative: How self-affirmation affects academic performance and motivation under identity threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 591–618. doi: 10.1037/a0031495
  • Steele, C. M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 21, pp. 261–302). New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Steele, C. M., Spencer, S. J., & Lynch, M. (1993). Self-image resilience and dissonance: The role of affirmational resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 885-896. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.64.6.885
  • Story, A. L. (2004). Self-esteem and self-certainty: A mediational analysis. European Journal of Personality, 18, 115-125. doi :10.1002/per.502
  • Sweeney, A. M., & Moyer, A. (2015). Self-affirmation and responses to health messages: A meta-analysis on intentions and behavior. Health Psychology, 34, 149-159. doi: 10.1037/hea0000110
  • Wells, S., Graham, K., Speechley, M., & J Koval, J. (2005). Drinking patterns, drinking contexts and alcohol-related aggression among late adolescent and young adult drinkers. Addiction, 100, 933-944. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.001121.x
  • Witte, K., & Allen, M. (2000). A meta-analysis of fear appeals: Implications for effective public health campaigns. Health Education & Behavior, 27, 591-615. doi: 10.1177/109019810002700506
  • World Health Organization [WHO] (2014). Global status report on alcohol and health. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112736/1/9789240692763_eng.pdf
  • Wright, R. (2001). Self-certainty and self-esteem. In T. J. Owens, S. Stryker, and N. Goodman (Eds.), Extending self-esteem theory and research: Sociological and psychological currents (pp. 101-134). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Young, R. M., Hasking, P. A., Oei, T. P., & Loveday, W. (2007). Validation of the drinking refusal self-efficacy questionnaire—revised in an adolescent sample (DRSEQ-RA). Addictive Behaviors, 32, 862-868. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.07.001
  • Zuwerink, J. & O’Brien, M. (2004). Decreasing resistance by affirming the self. In E. Knowles & J.A. Linn (Eds.), Resistance and persuasion (pp. 235-257). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.