Exacerbating pre-existing vulnerabilities: an analysis of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on human trafficking in Sudan

Bibliographische Referenzen

• Abdelaziz, K (27 October 2021) World Bank halts Sudan operations in blow to coup leaders, strike calls to gain support. Retrieved 26 January 2022 from https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudan-state-oil-workers-join-civil-disobedience-movement-association-2021-10-27
• Abu-Fatima, O, Abdel Gayoum Abbas, A, Racalbuto, V, Smith, L and Pizzol, D (2021) Child Undernutrition in Sudan: The Social and Economic Impact and Future Perspectives, The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 104(3): 114901152.
• Akee RK, Basu AK, Chau NH, Khamis M (2010) Ethnic fragmentation, conflict, displaced persons and human trafficking: an empirical analysis. IZA Discussion Papers No. 5142. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). Bonne, Germany. Retrieved 24 March 2023 from https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-201010133345
• Alison Gardner, Phil Northall & Ben Brewster (2021) Building Slavery-free Communities: A Resilience Framework, Journal of Human Trafficking, 7:3, 338–353, DOI: 10.1080/23322705.2020.1777828
• Altayb HN, Altayeb NME, Hamadalnil Y, Elsayid M, Mahmoud NE (2020) The current situation of COVID-19 in Sudan. New Microbes, New Infections 37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100746
• Armitage, R, Nellums, LB (2020) COVID-19 and the consequences of isolating the elderly. The Lancet Public Health 5, 5.
• Beaumont, P (25 October 2021) Sudan’s army detains PM and other civilian leaders in coup attempt. The Guardian. Retrieved 25 October 2021 from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/25/sudan-coup-fears-amid-claims-military-have-arrested-senior-government-officials
• Begum, R (2020) Domestic Workers in Middle East Risk Abuse Amid COVID-19 Crisis: Governments have a responsibility to protect foreign domestic workers. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 23 March 2024 from https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/06/domestic-workers-middle-east-risk-abuse-amid-covid-19-crisis
• Byrne, G, Bradley, T, Khumallambam, E, Sahariah, S (2021) Fluid Vulnerabilities: Narratives of Modern Slavery in India During Lockdown. Journal of Modern Slavery 6, 2.
• Cho, SY (2015) Modelling for Determinants of Human Trafficking: An Empirical Analysis, Social Inclusion, 3(1): 2–21.
• Cho S, Crenshaw KW, McCall L (2013) Toward a field of intersectionality studies: Theory, applications, and praxis, Signs: Journal of women in culture and society, 38, 4: 785–810.
• Chr Michelsen Institute (2017) Girls, Child Marriage, and Education in Red Sea State, Sudan: Perspectives on Girls Freedom to Choose. Retrieved 23 March 2023 from https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/girls-child-marriage-and-education-red-sea-state-sudan-perspectives-girls-freedom
• Coker, M., Folayan, M. O., Michelow, I. C., Oladokun, R. E., Torbunde, N., & Sam-Agudu, N. A. (2020). Things must not fall apart: the ripple effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children in sub-Saharan Africa. Pediatric Research. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-020-01174-y
• Davitti, D (2018). Biopolitical Borders and the State of Exception in the European Migration “Crisis.” European Journal of International Law, 29, 4. Retrieved 4 March 2021 from https://www.humanrightsatsea.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/2017070516-EU-Code-of-Conduct.pdf.
• Duclos, D. and Palmer, J. (2020) ‘Background Paper: Covid-19 and Forced Displacement in the Middle East and East Africa’, Briefing, Brighton: Social Science in Humanitarian Action (SSHAP). Retrieved 24 March 2023 from https://www.socialscienceinaction.org/resources/background-paper-covid-19-and-forced-displacement-in-the-middle-east-and-east-africa/
• Frank, RW (2022) Human trafficking indicators: A new dataset, International Interactions, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 48(1), p.152-171.
• Galos, E, Bartolini, L, Cook, H, Grant N (2017) Migrant Vulnerability to Human Trafficking and Exploitation: Evidence from the Central and Eastern Mediterranean Migration Routes. International Organization for Migration. Retrieved 4 March 2021 from https://publications.iom.int/books/migrant-vulnerability-human-trafficking-and-exploitation-evidence-central-and-eastern
• Hovil, L, Oette, L (2017) Tackling the root causes of human trafficking and smuggling from Eritrea: The need for an empirically grounded EU policy on mixed migration in the Horn of Africa – Eritrea. Retrieved 13 April 2022 from https://reliefweb.int/report/eritrea/tackling-root-causes-human-trafficking-and-smuggling-eritrea-need-empirically
• International Monetary Fund (April 2020) World Economic Outlook: The Great Lockdown. Retrieved 23 March 2023 from https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/WEO/2020/April/English/text.ashx
• International Organization for Migration (2019) Migration in West and North Africa and across the Mediterranean: Trends, risks, development and governance. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/report/world/migration-west-and-north-africa-and-across-mediterranean-trends-risks-development-and-0
• IOM (2019) IOM Handbook for Migrants Vulnerable to Violence, Exploitation, and Abuse on Protection and Assistance. www.iom.int
• International Planned Parenthood Federation (2020) COVID-19 Impact: What We Know So Far – Sudan. Retrieved February 17, 2021 from https://www.ippf.org/blogs/covid-19-impact-what-we-know-so-far-sudan
• KPMG (29 April 2020) Sudan: Government and institution measures in response to Covid-19. Retrieved 30 April 2021 from https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home/insights/2020/04/sudan-government-and-institution-measures-in-response-to-covid.html
• Kuschminder, K, Triandafyllidou, A (2020) Smuggling, Trafficking, and Extortion: New Conceptual and Policy Challenges on the Libyan Route to Europe. Antipode, 52, 1 206–226.
• Landman, T, Silverman BW (2019) Globalization and modern slavery, Politics and Governance, 7, 4:275-90.
• Lumley-Sapanski (in press). Mounting Crisis: How Perpetrators are Exploiting the Current Situation in Ethiopia and Sudan for profit. Research to Action. International Labor Organization. Pre-print available from https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/beacons-of-excellence/rights-lab/resources/reports-and-briefings/2023/february/research-to-action-rta-report.pdf
• Lumley-Sapanski, A and Schwarz, K (2022) Increased vulnerability to human trafficking of migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic in the IGAD-North Africa region. International Organization for Migration. Retrieved 24 March 2023 from https://publications.iom.int/books/impacts-covid-19-migration-and-migrants-gender-perspective
• Lumley-Sapanski, A, Schwarz, K, Valverde Cano, A. (2021) The Khartoum Process and human trafficking, Forced Migration Review. Retrieved 23 March 2023 from https://www.fmreview.org/externalisation/lumleysapanski-schwarz-valverdecano
• Niezna, M, Kurlander, Y, Shamir, H. (2021) Underlying Conditions: The Increased Vulnerability of Migrant Workers Under COVID-19 in Israel. Journal of Modern Slavery: A Multidisciplinary Exploration of Human Trafficking Solutions, 6, 2: 133.
• Oxford Analytica (2019) Sudan’s military may prove a powerful political force. Expert Briefings. 10 December 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2023 from https://dailybrief.oxan.com/Analysis/DB249334/Sudans-military-may-prove-a-powerful-political-force
• Perry KM, McEwing L (2013) How do social determinants affect human trafficking in Southeast Asia, and what can we do about it? A systematic review, Health and Human Rights, 15: 138.
• Plaut, M. (2017) Understanding Eritrea: Inside Africa’s Most Repressive State. Oxford University Press.
• Reitano, T. (2017) Human Trafficking in Africa: Do we need a new definition? Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. Retrieved last 05 May 2022 from https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/does-human-trafficking-need-a-new-definition/
• Republic of the Sudan Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (2019) Implementation of Istanboul Plan of Action for Least Developed Countries (IPoA) 2011–2020, Sudan National Report, Khartoum, 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2021 from https://www.un.org/ldc5/sites/www.un.org.ldc5/files/sudan_istanboul_ipoa.pdf
• Ricks, JL, Doner, RF (2021) Getting institutions right: Matching institutional capacities to developmental tasks. World Development, Elsevier, vol. 139, C. DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105334 Retrieved 24 March 2023 from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/wdevel/v139y2021ics0305750x20304617.html
• Save the Children. (30 July 2020) Sudan: Violence cuts off access to health services for 14,000 children. Retrieved 30 April 2021 from https://www.savethechildren.org.uk/news/media-centre/press-releases/sudan-violence-cuts-off-access-to-health-services-for-14000-children
• Soy, A (25 October 2021) Sudan Coup: Military Dissolves Civilian Government and Arrests Leaders. BBC News. Retrieved 29 October 2021 from https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-59033142
• Tewolde-Berhan, Z, Plaut, M, Smits, K (2017) Chapter 12: The policy agenda in Europe and Africa. In Mirjam van Reisen and M. Mawere (Eds.), Human Trafficking and Trauma in the Digital Era: The Ongoing Tragedy of the Trade in Refugees from Eritrea. Langaa RPCIG: Bamenda, North West Region, Cameroon.
• The British Broadcasting Company (21 September 2021) Sudan coup attempt has failed, government says. Retrieved 22 October 2021 from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/21/sudan-coup-attempt-has-failed-state-media-reports
• The British Broadcasting Company (14 December 2020) Sudan’s listing as a sponsor of terrorism ended by US. Retrieved 30 April 2021 from https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-55300252.
• The British Broadcasting Corporation (11 April 2019) Omar al-Bashir ousted: How Sudan got here. Retrieved 26 January 2022 from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/sdn_hrp2022_en_v1.0.pdf
• The Department for International Development Sudan (n.d.) DFID Sudan. Retrieved 30 April 2021 from https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/dfid-sudan
• Todres, J, Diaz, A (21 September 2021) COVID-19 and Human Trafficking-The Amplified Impact on Vulnerable Populations, JAMA Pediatrics 175, 2: 123–24.
• Tubiana, J, Saeneen, C, Mohammud, G (2018) Effects of EU policies in Sudan Multilateral Damage. Retrieved 13 May 2021 from https://www.clingendael.org/pub/2018/multilateral-damage/3-effects-of-eu-policies-in-sudan/
• United Nations News (28 April 2020) Sudan: Coronavirus could be tipping point for untold suffering, Bachelet urges sanctions relief. Retrieved 05 September 2022 from https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/04/1062782
• United Nations Population Fund (22nd March 2020 Sudan GBV Sub Sector Guidance on Covid-19, 1st Bulletin. Retrieved 30 April 2021, from https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-gbv-sub-sector-guidance-covid-19-1st-bulletin-22nd-march-2020
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2020) On this journey, no one cares if you live or die. Abuse, protection, and justice along routes between East and West Africa and Africa’s Mediterranean coast. Retrieved 16 February 2021 from https://www.unhcr.org/protection/operations/5f2129fb4/journey-cares-live-die-abuse-protection-justice-along-routes-east-west.html
• UNHCR (January 2021) Routes Towards Western and Central Mediterranean Sea: Working on Alternatives to Dangerous Journeys for Refugees, UNHCRs Updated Risk Mitigation Strategy and Appeal, (January 2021). Retrieved 04 May 2022 from https://reliefweb.int/report/world/routes-towards-western-and-central-mediterranean-sea-working-alternatives-dangerous
• United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2021) Sudan Situation Report 27 September 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021 from https://reports.unocha.org/en/country/sudan/
• UNOCHA (2021) Global Humanitarian Overview Retrieved 25 October 2021 from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/GHO2021_EN.pdf
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (5 May 2020) COVID-19: UNODC Warns of Increased Risks to Human Trafficking Victims, Vienna, Austria, Retrieved 30 April 2021 from https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2020/May/covid-19_-unodc-warns-of-increased-risks-to-human-trafficking-victims.html.
• UNODC (2021a) Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2020. Retrieved February 16, 2021 from https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/tip/2021/GLOTiP_2020_15jan_web.pdf
• UNODC. (2021b). COVID-19 and the smuggling of migrants a call for safeguarding the rights of smuggled migrants facing increased risks and vulnerabilities. https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/SOM_and_COVID-19_Publication_final_EN_final.pdf
• UN Women (2020) GUIDANCE Addressing Emerging Human Trafficking Trends and Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Retrieved 09 February 2023 from https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Headquarters/Attachments/Sections/Library/Publications/2020/Guidance-Addressing-emerging-human-trafficking-trends-and-consequences-of-the-COVID-19-pandemic-en.pdf
• United States Department of State (2022) Trafficking in Persons Report. Retrieved 10 February from https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/sudan/
• US Department of State (2021) Trafficking in Persons Report. Retrieved 05 September from https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/
• US Department of State (2020) Trafficking in persons report 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2021 from https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-trafficking-in-persons-report
• US Department of State (2019a) Trafficking in Persons Report. Retrieved 05 September from https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-trafficking-in-persons-report-2/sudan/
• US Department of State (2019a) 2019b Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Sudan, (Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Washington D.C.). Retrieved 30 April 2021 from https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/sudan/
• Van Moorsel, J (2021) The impact of COVID-19 on refugee and migrant livelihoods in Sudan: a socio-economic stress multiplier. Mixed Migration Centre, Briefing Paper 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021 from https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/190_the_impact_of_COVID-19_on_refugee_and_migrant_livelihoods_in_Sudan.pdf
• Van Reisen, M, Estefanos, M (2017) Chapter 3: The Exodus from Eritrea and Who is Benefiting. In Mirjam van Reisen & M. Mawere (Eds.), Human Trafficking and Trauma in the Digital Era: The Ongoing Tragedy of the Trade in Refugees from Eritrea. Langaa RPCIG: Bamenda, North West Region, Cameroon.
• Walk Free (2018) Global Slavery Index, Nedlands, WA. Retrieved 28 April 2021 from https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/methodology/overview/
• Warria, A (2021) The Human Trafficking Continuum and COVID19: Rights, Risks and Recommended Protective Actions, Journal of Social Development in Africa, p. 197-226.