What You Heard Is What You Wrote: Dynamic Readings of ʿilm and adab Narratives in the Islamicate World
- 1 Margarita Salas Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Área de Estudios Árabes e Islámicos, Departamento de Lingüística, Estudios Árabes y Hebreos y de Asia Oriental, Universidad Complutense de Madrid https://dx.doi.org/16734 Madrid Spain
ISSN: 2773-2355, 2773-2363
Año de publicación: 2024
Volumen: 1
Número: 1-2
Páginas: 10-36
Tipo: Artículo
Otras publicaciones en: Journal of Digital Islamicate Research
Resumen
This article explores how the concepts of ʿilm and adab (knowledge and exemplary behavior) merged in formative Arabic literature and reached Al-Andalus. Originating in a proto-Sunni cultural milieu, different works were recycled across the Islamic world, giving rise to new literary adaptations and patterns of meaning. With the use of computational analysis, the data has revealed juxtaposed reuse practices. This contribution has found that early Andalusi works initially mirrored Eastern sources, gradually transitioning into a more specialized form of knowledge and performance, based on the legitimization of the authority of scholars during the challenging Taifa period.
Referencias bibliográficas
- Abū Khaythama. 2001. Kitāb al-ʿilm, edited by Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn Albānī. Riyad: Maktabat al-Maʿārif li l-Nashr wa-l Tawzīʿ.
- Al-Baghdādī, al-Khaṭīb. 2002. Taʿrīkh Baghdād, edited by Bashshār ʿAwwād. 16 vols. Beirut: Dār Gharb al-Islāmī.
- Al-Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʾīl. 2002. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Beirut, Damascus: Dār Ibn Kathīr.
- Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Yūsuf b ʿAbd Allāh. 1994. Jāmiʿ bayān al-ʿilm wa-faḍlihi, edited by Abū al-Ashbāl al-Zuhayrī. Al-Dammām: Dār Ibn al-Jawzī.
- Ibn ʿAbd Rabbihi, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. 1983. Al-ʿIqd al-Farīd. 8 vols Beirut: Dār Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya.
- Ibn ʿAbd Rabbihi, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. 2006–2009. The Unique Necklace = Al-ʿIqd al-Farīd, translated by Prof. Issa J. Boullata, reviewed by Terri Deyoung and Prof. Roger Allen. Vol. 1–3 in Great Books of Islamic Civilisation. Reading: Garnet Publishing.
- Ibn Abī Shayba, Abū Bakr ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad. 2008. Muṣannaf, edited by Abū Muḥammad Usāma b. Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad 15 vols. Cairo: al-Fārūq al-Ḥadītha li-l-Ṭabāʿa wa-l-Nashr.
- Ibn Abī Shayba, Abū Bakr ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad. 1999. Kitāb al-adab, edited by. Muḥammad Riḍā al-Qahwajī, 2 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Bashāʾir al-Islāmiyya.
- Ibn Qutayba, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim. 1924–1930, reprinted 1964. ʿUyūn al-akhbār, edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir Ḥātim 4 vols. Cairo: al-Muʾassasat al-Miṣrīya al-ʿĀmma li-l-Taʾlīf wa-l-Tarjama wa-l-Nashr.
- Akkach, Samer, ed. 2018. Ilm: Science, Religion and Art in Islam. Adelaide: University of Adelaide Press.
- Allan, Michael. 2012. “How Adab Became Literary: Formalism, Orientalism and the Institutions of World Literature.” Journal of Arabic Literature 43 (2–3): 172–196. https://doi.org/10.1163/1570064x-12341234.
- Alshaar, Nuha. 2022. “Ḥadīth and the Concept of Adab as Moral Education.” In Ethics through the Lens of Interdisciplinarity, edited by Mutaz al-Kathib, 30–47. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004525931_004.
- Alshaar, Nuha. ed. 2017. The Qurʾan and Adab: The Shaping of Literary Traditions in Classical Islam. Qurʾanic Studies Series 16. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Aʿẓamī, Muhammad Mustafa. 1978. Studies in Early Ḥadīth. Beirut: American Trust Publications.
- Ávila, María Luisa. 2002. “The Search for Knowledge Andalusi Scholars and Their Travels to the Islamic East.” Medieval Prosopography 23: 125–139.
- Ávila, María Luisa. 1985. “Nuevos datos para la biografía de Baqi B. Majilad.” Al-Qantara 6 (1): 321–368.
- Ávila, María Luisa. 1980. “Baqi b. Majlad y la introducción del estudio del ḥadīth en al-Andalus”, Al-Qantara I: 165–208.
- Ávila, María Luisa. 2013. “Baqī b. Makhlad,” 3rd Online 4: 66–67.
- Behzadi Lale and Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila, eds. 2015. Concepts of Authorship in Pre- Modern Arabic Texts. Bamberg: University of Bamberg Press.
- Barber, Matthew. 2020. “Adventures in Alignments: Training an Algorithm to Recognise Text Reuse”. KITAB, Accessed 18 January 2024. https://kitab-project.org/Adventures-in-Alignments-Training-an-Algorithm-to-Recognise-Text-Reuse/.
- Cook, Michael. 1997. “The Opponents of the Writing of Tradition in Early Islam,” Arabica, 44 (4): 437–530.
- Davidson, Garrett. 2020. Carrying on the Tradition: A Social and Intellectual History of Hadith Transmission across a Thousand Years. Leiden: Brill.
- Ephrat Daphna and Meir Hatina, eds. 2014. Religious Knowledge, Authority, and Charisma: Islamic and Jewish Perspectives, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
- Eckart, Stetter. 1965. “Topoi und Schemata im ḥadīṭ”. PhD diss., University of Tübingen.
- Ed. “ʿIlm.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed. Online.
- Eder, Maciej, Rybicki, Jan and Mike Kestemont. 2016. “Stylometry with R: A package for computational text analysis.” R Journal 8(1): 107–121. https://journal.r-project.org/archive/2016/RJ-2016-007/index.html.
- Fierro, Bello, Maribel. 1989. The Introduction of ḥadīth in al-Andalus (2nd/8th–3rd/9th centuries). Der Islam, 66 (1), 68–93. https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1989.66.1.68.
- Fierro Bello, Maribel. 1991. “El derecho maliki en Al-Andalus: siglos II/VII–V/XI.” Al-Qantara: Revista de estudios árabes 12 (1): 119–132.
- Fierro Bello, Maribel. 2011. “Local and Global in Ḥadīth Literature: The Case of Al-Andalus.” In The Transmission and Dynamics of the Textual Sources of Islam: Essays in Honour of Harald Motzki, edited by Nicolet Boekhoff-van der Voort, Kees Versteegh and Joas Wagemakers, 63–89. Leiden: Brill.
- Fierro Bello, Maribel. 2020. “The Maghreb and Al-Andalus at 250H: Rulers, Scholars and Their Works.” In Islam at 250. Studies in Memory of G.H.A. Juynboll, edited by Petra M. Sijpesteijn and Camila Adang, 32–60. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
- Fierro Bello, Maribel. 2002. “Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Abū ʿUmar” In Enciclopedia de al-Andalus, Diccionario de autores y obras andalusíes (DAOA) (A-IBN B), coordinated by Jorge Lirola Delgado and José Miguel Puerta Vílchez, 287–297. Granada: Fundación El legado Andalusí.
- Fierro, Maribel and Mayte Penelas, eds. 2021. “The Maghrib in the Mashriq: Knowledge, Travel and Identity.” Studies in the History and Culture of the Middle East 40. Berlin: De Gruyter.
- Fierro, Maribel, J. Haremska, Adday Hernández López, y Estrella Samba. 2012. “Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Abū ʿUmar”. In Biblioteca de al- Andalus. De la al-ʿAbbādīyya a Ibn Abyad, directed and edited by J. Lirola Delgado and J. M. Puerta Vílchez, vol. 1. 574–585. Almería: Fundación Ibn Tufayl de Estudios Árabes.
- Fraistat, Neil, Flanders Julia, eds. 2013. The Cambridge Companion to Textual Scholarship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Gómez, Emilio García. 1972. “Hacia un ‘refranero’ arábigoandaluz. V: Versión del libro sobre refranes de ‘al-Iq al-Farid’ (siglo X). A), Preliminares y refranero de Aktam y Buzurymihr.” Al-Andalus: Revista de las Escuelas de Estudios Árabes de Madrid y Granada 37 (2): 249–324.
- Guichard, Pierre and Bruna Soravia. 2005. Los Reinos De Taifas: Fragmentación Política y Esplendor Cultural. Málaga: Sarriá.
- Günther, Sebastian. 2020. Knowledge and Education in Classical Islam: Religious Learning between Continuity and Change 2 vols. Leiden: Brill.
- Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko, 2014. “Adab a) Arabic, early developments.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam. 3rd Online. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_24178.
- Heck, Paul L. 2002a. The Construction of Knowledge in Islamic Civilization: Qudāma b. Jaʿfar and His Kitāb Al-Kharāj Wa-Ṣināʿat Al-Kitāba. Vol. 42 of Islamic History and Civilization. Leiden; Boston: Brill.
- Heck, Paul L. 2002b. “The Epistemological Problem of Writing in Islamic Civilization: Al-Jaṭīb Al-Baġdādī’s (d. 463/1071) ‘Taqyīd al-ʿilm’,” Studia Islamica 94: 85–114.
- Jabbūr, Jibrāʾīl Sulaymān. 1933. Ibn ʿAbd Rabbihi and his ʿIqd: An Essay. Beirut: Catholic Press.
- Jockers, Matthew L. 2013. Macroanalysis: Digital Methods and Literary History. Urbana, Chicago, and Springfield: University of Illinois Press.
- Khalidi, Tarif. 1994. Arabic Historical Thought in the Classical Period. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Al-Khatib, Mutaz, ed. 2023. Ḥadīth and Ethics through the Lens of Interdisciplinarity. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004525931_002.
- KITAB – Exploring Cultural Memory in the Pre-Modern Islamic World (700–1500): Knowledge, Information Technology, and the Arabic Book (772989). https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/772989.
- Kramer, Lawrence. 2019. The Hum of the World: A Philosophy of Listening. California: University of California Press.
- Kuiper, Matthew J. (2014). The Roots and Achievements of the Early Proto-Sunni Movement: A Profile and Interpretation. The Muslim World 104 (1–2): 71–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/muwo.12035.
- López, Adday Hernández. 2021. Mobility among the Andalusī Quḍāt: Social Advancement and Spatial Displacement in a Professional Context. In Professional Mobility in Pre- Modern Islamic Societies: From Delhi to Granada, edited by M. El Merheb and M. Berriah, 131–156. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004467637_008.
- Lucas, Scott C. 2004. Constructive Critics, Ḥadīth Literature, and the Articulation of Sunnī Islam: The Legacy of the Generation of Ibn Saʿd, Ibn Maʿīn, and Ibn Ḥanbal. Vol. 51 of Islamic History and Civilization. Leiden: Brill.
- Lucas, Scott C. 2008. “Where Are the Legal Hadīth? A Study of the Musannaf of Ibn Abī Shayba.” Islamic Law and Society 15: 283–314.
- Maciej, Piasecki, Walkowiak Tomasz, and Eder Maciej. 2018. “Open Stylometric System WebSty: Integrated Language Processing, Analysis and Visualisation.” CMST 24 (1): 43–58. https://doi.org/10.12921/cmst.2018.0000007.
- Makkī, Maḥmūd ʿAlī. 1963. “Ensayo sobre las aportaciones orientales en la España Musulmana.” Revista del Instituto Egipcio de Estudios Islámicos, 11: 7–140.
- Malaspina, Cecile. 2018. An Epistemology of Noise. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Majewski, Pawel. 2020. Textualization of Experience: Studies on Ancient Greek Literature. Berlin: Peter Lang.
- Manoff, Marlene. 2004. “Theories of the Archive from Across the Disciplines.” Portal: Libraries and the Academy 4 (1), 9–25. https://doi.org/10.1353/pla.2004.0015.
- Marín, Manuela. 1980. “Baqi b. Majlad y la introducción del estudio del hadit en Al-Andalus.” Al-Qantara, 1: 165–208.
- Melchert, Christopher. 1996. “Religious Policies of the Caliphs from Al-Mutawakkil to Al -Muqtadir, AH 232–295/AD 847–908.” Islamic Law and Society 3 (3): 316–342.
- Musa, Aisha Y. 2015. Hadith as Scripture: Discussions on the Authority of Prophetic Traditions in Islam. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Nigst, Lorenz, Maxim Romanov, Savant, Sarah Bowen, Masoumeh Seydi, Peter Verkinderen and Hakimi, H. 2023. OpenITI: a Machine-Readable Corpus of Islamicate Texts (2023.1.8) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10007820.
- Nigst, Lorenz, Maxim Romanov, Savant, Sarah Bowen, Masoumeh Seydi, Peter Verkinderen (2022.1.6) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6808108.
- Noth, Albrecht. 1994. The Early Arabic Historical Tradition: A Source-Critical Study. Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam; 3. Princeton, N.J.: Darwin Press.
- Ong, Walter J. 2002. Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. London: Routledge.
- Orfali, Bilal, and Ramzi Baalbaki. 2016. The Book of Noble Character, Critical Edition of Makārim al-akhlāq wa-maḥāsin al-ādāb wa-badāʾiʿ al-awṣāf wa-gharāʾib al-tashbīhāt. Attributed to Abū Manṣūr al-Thaʿālibī (d. 429/1039). Leiden: Brill.
- Osti, Letizia, and James Weaver. 2020. “Organizing the Fourth/Tenth Century: Knowledge, Information, Tools.” Journal of Abbasid Studies 7 (2): 103–120.
- Padillo Saoud, Abdenour. 2023. The Teachers of al-Andalus: The Intellectual Contributions of the Arabian Peninsula to the Formation of Early al-Andalus (92–238/ 711–852). In Intellectual Connections between Jazirat al-ʿArab and Jazirat al-Andalus, edited by Carvajal López y M. Fierro 31–43. Paper presented online at the 54th Seminar for Arabian Studies, session: Intellectual links: language, law, theology and culture in Jazirat al-ʿArab and Jazirat al-Andalus, 2–4 and 9–11 July 2021. Córdoba: Casa Árabe.
- Pellat, Charles. 1976. “Variations Sur Le Thème de L’adab.” In Études sur l’histoire socioculturelle de l’Islam (VIIe–XVe siecle). London Variorum Reprints.
- Pellat, Charles. “Ibn Abī Shayba,” Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed. Online.
- Pellat, Charles. “Ibn Abī Khaythama,” Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed. Online.
- Pons Boigues, Francisco. 1898. Ensayo bio-bibliográfico sobre los historiadores y geógrafos arábigo-españoles. Madrid: Imprenta de San Francisco de Sales.
- Romanov, Maxim. 2017. “Algorithmic Analysis of Medieval Arabic Biographical Collections.” Speculum 92, (S1) S226–S246. doi:10.1086/693970.
- Romanov, Maxim. 2017. “Observations of a Medieval Quantitative Historian?” Der Islam 94 (2): 462–495. https://www.academia.edu/36108966/Observations_of_a_Medieval_Quantitative_Historian.
- Rosenthal, Franz. 1970. Knowledge Triumphant. The Concept of Knowledge in Medieval Islam. Leiden: Brill.
- Samba-Campos, Estrella. 2022. “El conocimiento como una experiencia sonora: ʿilm y la formación del archivo árabe premoderno.” Intus – legere: historia 16 (2): 302–324. http://intushistoria.uai.cl/index.php/intushistoria/article/view/538/404.
- Samba-Campos, Estrella. 2021. “El silencio y la escucha: métodos para la obtención del conocimiento en la literatura árabe formativa (ss. II–VIII/III–IX)”, Anaquel de Estudios Árabes 32, 207–226. https://doi.org/10.5209/anqe.72304.
- Samba-Campos, Estrella. 2021. “The Kitāb al-ʿilm of al-Bukhārī: A Handbook on Knowledge,” Journal of Abbasid Studies, 8 (2): 209–234.
- Samba-Campos, Estrella. 2020. “From Ḥadīṯ to Adab: The Development of ʿIlm Narratives in Classical Arabic Literature. A Case Study on the Kitāb al-adab of Ibn Abī Shayba (d. 235/849) and the Kitāb al-ʿilm of Ibn Qutayba (d. 276/889),” PhD diss., University of St Andrews.
- Samba-Campos, Estrella. 2023. “Conocimiento y buenas practicas”. ʿIlm-Adab Corpus. https://github.com/EstrellaSC/COyBUP.
- Schoeler, Gregor. 1997. “Writing and Publishing on the Use and Function of Writing in the First Centuries of Islam.” Arabica 44, (3): 423–435.
- Schoeler, Gregor. 2009. The Genesis of Literature in Islam: From the Aural to the Read. Translated by Shawkat M. Toorawa. The New Edinburgh Islamic Surveys. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
- Sinclair, Stéfan and Geoffrey Rockwell, 2016. Voyant Tools. Web. http://voyant-tools.org/.
- Speight, R. Marston. 2000. “Narrative Structures in the Hadīth.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 5 (4): 265–271.
- Sperl, Stefan. 2007. “Man’s ‘Hollow Core’: Ethics and Aesthetics in Ḥadīth Literature and Classical Arabic Adab.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 70 (3): 459–486.
- Toorawa, Shawkat. 2005. “Defining Adab by (Re)defining the Adīb.” In On Fiction and Adab in Medieval Arabic Literature. Vol. 6 of Studies in Arabic Language and Literature, edited by Phillip Kennedy 287–304. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- Trousson, Raymond. 1965. Les Études de Thèmes: Un Problème de Littérature Comparée; Essai de Méthodologie. Situation, no. 7. Paris: Lettres Modernes.
- Veglison, Josefina. 2007. El collar único, de Ibn Abd Rabbihi, Madrid: Sintesis.
- Zadeh, T., 2016. “Uncertainty and the Archive.” In The Digital Humanities and Islamic & Middle East Studies, edited by Elias Muhannan, 11–64, Boston: De Gruyter.