Negative and anomalous refraction in metamaterials and photonic crystals

Abstract

Left handed materials, also called metamaterials because they are arti?cial and are not present in Nature, are characterized by having both permittivity and permeability negative.With these properties, metamaterials have a negative refractive index due to which they produce negative refraction making them good candidates to formimages. However, since their early fabrication in the microwave range, losses in meta-materials have been considerable, thus being their refractive and image formation properties highly a?ected by them. (continues in the work)