Del ecocidio y los procesos migratorios a la opacidad de la victimización ecológica

  1. Ascensión García Ruiz 1
  1. 1 Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
    info

    Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia

    Madrid, España

    ROR https://ror.org/02msb5n36

Revista:
Revista electrónica de ciencia penal y criminología

ISSN: 1695-0194

Año de publicación: 2018

Número: 20

Páginas: 1-44

Tipo: Artículo

Otras publicaciones en: Revista electrónica de ciencia penal y criminología

Resumen

La investigación científica ha demostrado que el daño ambiental no respeta fronteras y las predicciones futuras para la salud de los ecosistemas y los seres humanos no son optimistas. En la actualidad, no existen medidas en el sistema de justicia penal internacional dedicadas a proteger el medio ambiente de los efectos nocivos del ecocidio. Sin embargo, la instauración de una ley de ecocidio ayudaría a paliar el sufrimiento de las poblaciones nativas que desencadena flujos migratorios forzados en aquéllos territorios afectados por daños ambientales, así como al análisis de arquetipos victimológicos dispares. El crimen ambiental posee amplias implicaciones para las víctimas humanas y no humanas, pero también constituye un marco excepcional para llevar a cabo estudios concretos centrados en el derecho a la migración ecológica transnacional, los refugiados climáticos, etc. Este trabajo señala el estado actual del régimen de los desplazamientos internos y transfronterizos a través de aquellas normas que podrían ser aplicables en un contexto geográfico global dirigido a las víctimas ambientales, así como la forma en que algunos efectos negativos, principalmente producidos por crímenes ecológicos, desastres ambientales y prácticas ecocidas, son invisibles para los organismos internacionales. El estudio explora dichas cuestiones y contribuye a la promoción de la propuesta de enmienda del Estatuto de Roma de la Corte Penal Internacional para convertir al ecocidio en el quinto crimen contra la humanidad y cubrir así el vacío legal existente. La aportación teóricocientífica de la Green Criminology es esencial para la consecución de este propósito, debido al aporte crítico de la disciplina tanto en la interpretación del crimen ambiental como en el examen de las consecuencias del comportamiento humano para el medio ambiente, ya sea éste de índole individual, corporativo o estatal.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • AGNEW, R (2013). “The ordinary acts that contribute to ecocide. A criminological analysis”. En Routledge International Handbook of Green Criminology. Nigel South & Avi Brisman (eds.) New York, Routledge, pp. 58-72.
  • AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL (2014). “The Bhopal tragedy: 30 years of injustice for victims and survivors”, 17 February. Recuperado de: https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/8000/asa200032014en.pdf
  • AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL “Cloud of injustice: Bhopal disaster 20 years on” (2004). Recuperado de: http://www.indianet.nl/cloudsofinjustice.pdf
  • ANCRENAZ M, MEIJAARD E, WICH S and SIMERY J (eds.) (2016). “Palm oil Paradox: Sustainable solutions to save the great apes” (2ª ed.), United Nations Environment Programme / Great Apes Survival Partnership.
  • ARNAUD-HAOND S, DUARTE C M, TEIXEIRA S, MASSA S I et al (2009). “Genetic recolonization of mangrove: genetic diversity still increasing in the Mekong Delta 30 years after Agent Orange”, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 390, pp. 129-135.
  • ASSELIN, M (2017). Monsanto: A Photographic Investigation. Dortmund (Germany), Kettler.
  • AYUB, J (2012). “German agency, GIZ backs out of incinerating Carbide waste”, The Times of India, 18 September. Disponible en: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/german-agency-giz-backs-out-of-incineratingcarbide-waste/articleshow/16443590.cms (último acceso 3/04/2018).
  • BARACK, G (2017). Unchecked Corporate Power: Why the Crimes of Multinational Corporations are Routinized Away and What We Can Do About It. New York, Routledge.
  • BARNES, J and DOVE, M (2015). Introduction. En Climate Cultures. Anthropological Perspectives on Climate Change. Jessica Barnes and Michael Dove (eds.), New Haven and London, Yale University Press, pp. 1-21.
  • BERAT, L (1993). “Defending the right to a healthy environment: Toward a crime of Geocide in international Law”, Boston University International Law Journal, 11, pp. 327-348.
  • BERNAZ, N (2017). “An Analysis of the ICC Office of the Prosecutor’s Policy Paper on Case Selection and Prioritization from the Perspective of Business and Human Rights”, Journal of International Criminal Justice, vol. 15, issue 3, pp. 527-542.
  • BIERMANN F & BOAS I (2010). “Preparing for a Warmer World: Towards a Global Governance System to Protect Climate Refugees”, Global Environmental Politics, vol. 10, issue 1, pp. 60-88.
  • BISSCHOP L C, STROBL S and VIOLLAZ J S (2017). “Getting into Deep Water: Coastal Land Loss and State-Corporate Crime in the Louisiana Bayou”, The British Journal of Criminology azx057, 31 October, pp. 1-20. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azx057
  • BISSCHOP L & VANDE WALLE G (2013). “Environmental Victimisation and Conflict Resolution: A Case Study of e-Waste”. En Emerging Issues in Green Criminology. Exploring Power, Justice and Harm. Reece Walters, Diane S. Westerhuis and Tanya Wyatt (eds.) Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 34-54.
  • BORRÁS PENTINAT, S (2016). “La migración ambiental: entre el abandono, el refugio y la protección internacional”, Papeles de relaciones ecosociales y cambio global. Migraciones Forzadas, invierno 2015-2016, no 32, pp. 31-49. Disponible en: http://www.fuhem.es/media/cdv/file/biblioteca/revista_papeles/132/Migracion_ambiental_S.Bo rras.pdf
  • BORRÁS PENTINAT, S “La responsabilidad soberana para fortalecer la seguridad climática” (2015). En Retos del Derecho ante las nuevas amenazas. Susana de Tomás Morales (dir.) Madrid, Dykinson, pp. 327-349.
  • BORRÁS PENTINAT, S “Pueblos indígenas y medio ambiente” (2013). En Pueblos indígenas, diversidad cultural y justicia ambiental. Un estudio de las nuevas constituciones de Ecuador y Bolivia. Antoni Pigrau Solé (ed. lit.) Valencia, Tirant lo Blanch, pp. 111-146.
  • BRADSHAW, E (2015). “Blockadia Rising: Rowdy Greens, Direct Action and the Keystone XL Pipeline”, Critical Criminology, vol. 23, issue 4, pp. 433-448.
  • BRISMAN A, McCLANAHAN B & SOUTH N (2016). “Fractured earth, forced labour: a green criminological analysis of rights and the exploitation of landscapes and workers in rural contexts”. En The Routledge International Handbook of Rural Criminology, Joseph R Donnermeyer (ed.) New York, Routledge, pp. 289-299.
  • BRISMAN A and SOUTH N (2015). “State-Corporate Environmental Harms and Paradoxical Interventions: Thoughts in Honour of Stanley Cohen”. En Green Harms and Crimes. Critical Criminology in a Changing World. Series: Critical Criminological Perspectives. Ragnhild Aslaug Sollund (ed.) Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 27-42.
  • BRISMAN A and SOUTH N, Green Cultural Criminology: Constructions of Environmental Harm, Consumerism, and Resistance to Ecocide (2014). London, Routledge.
  • BRISMAN A, SOUTH N & WALTERS R (2018). “Climate Apartheid and Environmental Refugees”. En The Palgrave Handbook of Criminology and the Global South, Kerry Carrington, Russell Hogg, John Scott, Máximo Sozzo (eds.), Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 301-321.
  • BROWN L R, McGRATH P & STOKES B. (1976). “Twenty-two Dimensions of the Population Problem”, Worldwatch Paper 5. March, Washington DC, Worldwatch Institute.
  • BROWN, O (2008). Migration and Climate Change, IOM Migration Research Series, no 31. Geneva, International Organization for Migration.
  • BUDIDARSONO S, SUSANTI A and ZOOMERS A (2013). “Oil Palm Plantations in Indonesia: The Implications for Migration, Settlement/Resettlement and Local Economic”. En Biofuels. Economy, Environment and Sustainability, Zhen Fang (ed.) Rijeka, Croatia, InTech, pp. 173193.
  • CALLICOTT, B. J (2013). Thinking Like a Planet: The Land Ethic and The Earth Ethic. New York, Oxford University Press.
  • CASTELLS, M (2007). “Communication, Power and Counter-power in the Network Society”, International Journal of Communication, vol. 1 February, pp. 238-266.
  • DIABO, R (2016). “Pipelines, Climate and Indigenous consent", Indigenous Policy Journal of the Indigenous Studies Network, vol. 27, issue 3, pp. 333-335.
  • DiCHRISTOPHER, T (2017). “Nebraska commission approves Keystone XL route, clearing obstacle for TransCanada's hotly disputed oil pipeline”, CNBC (US), 20 November. Recuperado de: https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/20/nebraska-commission-approves-keystone-xlpipeline-route.html
  • DI RONCO A, ALLEN-ROBERTSON J and SOUTH N (2018). “Representing environmental harm and resistance on Twitter: The case of the TAP pipeline in Italy”, Crime, Media, Culture. Sage: First Published March 7. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741659018760106
  • EILPERIN J & DENNIS B (2017). “Trump administration to approve final permit for Dakota Access pipeline”, The Washington Post, 7 February. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/02/07/trumpadministration-to-approve-final-permit-for-dakota-access-pipeline/?utm_term=.cf70e1168b3f
  • El-HINNAWI, E (1985). Environmental Refugees. Nairobi, United Nations Environment Programme.
  • EMAN K, MES KO G, DOBOVS EK B, SOTLAR A (2013). “Environmental crime and green criminology in South Eastern Europe – practice and research”, Crime, Law and Social Change, vol. 59, Issue 3, pp. 341-358.
  • FARMER A, FAURE M & VAGLIASINDI G M (eds.) Environmental Crime in Europe (2017). Modern Studies in European Law, Oxford, Hart Publishing.
  • FOROUGHI F & DASTAN Z (2017). “Victim’s Right of Access to International Criminal Courts”, Journal of Politics and Law, vol. 10, issue 1, January, Canadian Center of Science and Education, pp. 279-289.
  • GARCÍA RUIZ, A (2017). Green Criminology. El ruido: Un intruso en el Derecho penal medioambiental. Montevideo – Buenos Aires, BdeF.
  • GARCÍA RUIZ, A “Dos caras de un mismo tipo. A propósito del delito ecológico en dos supuestos: caso Prestige y caso de la pianista ruidosa (desproporción en cuanto al resultado fáctico, víctimas y bien jurídico protegido)” (2014), La Ley Penal, nº 109, año 11 (julio-agosto). Madrid, La Ley, pp. 8289.
  • GARCÍA RUIZ A & SOUTH N (2018). “Surrounded by sound: Noise, rights and environments”, Crime, Media, Culture. An International Journal, First Published 10 January, pp. 1-17. Disponible en: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1741659017751223
  • GAUGER A, RABATEL-FERNEL M P, KULBICKI L, SHORT D, HIGGINS P (2012). “Ecocide is the missing 5th Crime Against Peace”. The Ecocide Project, Human Rights Consortium, School of Advanced Study, University of London. Disponible en: http://sasspace.sas.ac.uk/4686/
  • GERMANI A R, GERSTETTER C, STEFES C, D’ALISA G (2015). “The role of the victims of environmental crime and civil society”. En Evaluation of the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities associated with EU efforts to combat environmental crime, D6.2: Evaluation of the role of the EU and SWOT analysis. European Union Action to Fight Environmental Crime (EFFACE), pp. 53-62. Recuperado de: http://efface.eu/sites/default/files/publications/EFFACE_SWOT%20Analysis.pdf
  • GRANDONI, D (2017). “Dakota Access Pipeline owner sues Greenpeace, arguing it broke organized crime law”, The Washington Post, 22 de agosto.
  • GRAY A and HINCH R (2015). “Agribusiness, Governments and Food Crime: A Critical Perspective”. En Green Harms and Crimes. Critical Criminology in a Changing World. Series: Critical Criminological Perspectives. Ragnhild Aslaug Sollund (ed.) Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 97-116.
  • GRAY, M A (1996). “The International Crime of Ecocide”. California Western International Law Journal, vol. 26, pp. 215-271.
  • GROENHUIJSEN, M (2008). “The Draft UN Convention on Justice and Support for Victims of Crime, with special reference to its provisions on Restorative justice”, International Annals of Criminology / Annales Internationales de Criminologie, vol. 46, issue 1/2, pp. 121-136.
  • GUARDIOLA LAGO, M J (2016). ‘La compleja armonización del delito de tráfico ilícito de migrantes (smuggling of migrants): ¿existe un consenso internacional? En Política criminal ante el reto de la delincuencia transnacional. Ana Isabel Pérez Cepeda (dir.) Valencia, Tirant lo Blanch, pp. 549-592.
  • HALL, M (2017). “Criminal redress in cases of environmental victimization: a defence”, International Review of Victimology, vol. 23, issue 2, pp. 203-223.
  • HALL, M “Environmental harm and environmental victims. Scoping out a green victimology” (2014), International Review of Victimology, vol. 20, issue 1, pp. 129-143.
  • HALL, M “Environmental Victims: Challenges for Criminology and Victimology in the 21th Century” (2013), Varstvoslovje Journal of Criminal Justice and Security (4) Ljubljana (Slovenia), University of Maribor, pp. 371-391.
  • HIGGINS, P (2015). Eradicating Ecocide. Exposing the corporate and political practices destroying the planet and proposing the laws to eradicate ecocide (2ª ed.) London, ShepheardWalwyn.
  • HIGGINS, P Earth is our Business. Changing the rules of the game (2012). London, Shepheard-Walwyn. HIGGINS P, SHORT D, SOUTH N (2013). “Protecting the planet: a proposal for a law of ecocide”, Crime, Law and Social Change, vol. 59, issue 3, pp. 251-266.
  • HUGHES T P, KERRY J T, ÁLVAREZ-NORIEGA M et al. (2017). “Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals”, Nature, vol. 543, Issue 7654, 16 de marzo, pp. 373-377.
  • HUGHES L, STEFFEN W, ALEXANDER D & RICE M (2017). Climate change: a deadly threat to coral reefs. Sydney, Climate Council of Australia, pp. 1-28.
  • HUNTER L M & SIMON D H (2017). “Might climate change the ‘healthy migrant’ effect?”, Global Environmental Change, vol. 47 November, pp. 133-142.
  • INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (2015). “Climate Change Synthesis Report 2014. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change” [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. Geneva, Switzerland, IPCC.
  • INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT MONITORING CENTRE (2017). “Global Report on Internal Displacement”, Alexandra Bilak (dir.) Norwegian Refugee Council. Geneva, IDMC. Disponible en: http://www.acnur.org/fileadmin/scripts/doc.php?file=fileadmin/Documentos/Publicaciones/201 7/11170
  • INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (2016). “Policy Paper on Case Selection and Prioritisation”, Office of the Prosecutor, 15 September, pp. 1-18.
  • INTERNATIONAL DIALOGUE ON MIGRATION no 18 (2012). “Climate Change, Environmental Degradation and Migration”. Switzerland, International Organization for Migration. Disponible en: https://publications.iom.int/books/international-dialogue-migration-no-18climate-change-environmental-degradation-and-migration
  • INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (2007). Ninety-Fourth Session. IOM Council Discussion note: Migration and the Environment, December 1 (MC/INF/288): http://www.eea.iom.int/index.php/what-we-do/migration-climate-and-environment
  • KATZ, R S (2010). “The Corporate Crimes of Dow Chemical and the Failure to Regulate Environmental Pollution”, Critical Criminology, vol. 18, issue 4, pp. 295-306.
  • LOESCHER, G (2006). “The UNHCR and World Politics: State Interests vs. Institutional Autonomy”, International Migration Review, vol. 35, issue 1, pp. 33-56.
  • LÓPEZ RAMÓN, F (2017). “Los derechos de los emigrantes ecológicos”. En Construyendo el futuro: conversaciones jurídicas sobre la Globalización, Susana Galera Rodrigo y Mercedes Alda Fernández (eds.). Barcelona, Atelier, pp. 171-186.
  • LÓPEZ RAMÓN, F “Teoría de la catástrofe y emigrantes ecológicos” (2015). Revista Aranzadi de Derecho Ambiental (30) enero-abril, pp. 27-55.
  • LOVELOCK, J (2006). The Revenge of Gaia. Why the Earth is Fighting Back –and How We Can Still Save Humanity. London, Penguin Books.
  • LYNCH, M J (2013). “Reflections on Green Criminology and its Boundaries. Comparing Environmental and Criminal Victimization and Considering Crime from an Eco-city Perspective”. En Routledge International Handbook of Green Criminology, Nigel South & Avi Brisman (eds.) New York, Routledge, pp. 43-57.
  • LYNCH, M J “James Lovelock, The Revenge of Gaia: Earth’s Climate Crisis and the Fate of Humanity” (2008), Critical Criminology, vol. 16, pp. 75-79.
  • LYNCH, M J “The greening of criminology: A perspective on the 1990s” (1990), The Critical Criminologist, vol. 2, Issue 3, pp. 1-4.
  • LYNCH M J, LONG M A, STRETESKY P B & BARRETT K L (2017). Green Criminology. Crime, Justice, and the Environment. Oakland (California), University of California Press.
  • LYNCH M J & STRETESKY P B (2014). Exploring Green Criminology. Toward a Green Criminological Revolution, Ashgate Publishing.
  • MARTÍNEZ ALIER, J (2017). “Conflictos socio-ambientales y el EJAtlas”. En Construyendo el futuro: conversaciones jurídicas sobre la Globalización, Susana Galera Rodrigo y Mercedes Alda Fernández (eds.). Barcelona, Atelier, pp. 237-247.
  • MARTÍNEZ ESCAMILLA, M (2017). “Fronteras, Derechos Humanos y quiebra del Estado de Derecho”. En Estudios de Derecho penal. Homenaje al profesor Santiago Mir Puig, Jesús M Silva Sánchez, Joan J Queralt Jiménez, Mirentxu Corcoy Bidasolo, Mª Teresa Castiñeira Palou (coords). Buenos Aires, BdeF, pp. 129-141.
  • McADAM, J (2016). “Building International Approaches to Climate Change, Disasters, and Displacement”, Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice, vol. 33, issue 2, pp. 1-14.
  • McCLANAHAN B & BRISMAN A (2015). Climate Change and Peacemaking Criminology: Ecophilosophy, Peace and Security in the “War on Climate Change”, Critical Criminology, vol. 23, Issue 4, pp. 417-431.
  • McFADDEN J N & KNOLL E (1970). War crimes and the American conscience, Congressional Conference on War and National Responsibility, Washington. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  • MERZ P, CABANES V & GAILLARD E (2014). “Ending Ecocide the next necessary step in international law”. 18th Congress of the International Association of Democratic Lawyers: "Lawyering for people’s rights", Bruselas, 6 de abril, pp. 1-18.
  • MOL, H (2017). The Politics of Palm Oil Harm. A Green Criminological Perspective. Palgrave Studies in Green Criminology Palgrave Macmillan, UK, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • MOREU CARBONELL, E (2012). “Marco jurídico de la extracción de hidrocarburos mediante fractura hidráulica (fracking)”, Revista Catalana de Dret Ambiental, vol. III, 2, pp. 1-43.
  • MORTREUX C, SAFRA DE CAMPOS R, ADGER N, GHOSH T, DAS S, ADAMS H & HAZRA S (2018). “Political economy of planned relocation: A model of action and inaction in government responses”, Global Environmental Change, vol. 50 May, pp. 123-132.
  • MOSES, A D (2010). “Raphael Lemkin, Culture and the concept of Genocide”. En The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Donald Bloxham and A Dirk Moses (eds.), Oxford University Press, pp. 19-41.
  • MYERS, N (1997). “Environmental Refugees”, Population and Environment: A journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, vol. 19, nº 2, November, pp. 167-182.
  • NATALI, L (2015). “A Critical Gaze on Environmental Victimization”. En Green Harms and Crimes. Critical Criminology in a Changing World. Ragnhild A Sollund (ed.) Series Critical Criminological Perspectives. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 63-78.
  • NGUYEN H H, DARGUSCH P, MOSS P, TRAN D B (2016). “A review of the drivers of 200 years of wetland degradation in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam”, Regional Environmental Change, vol. 16, issue 8, pp. 2303-23015.
  • O'CONNOR SHELLEY T & OPSAL T (2017). “Environmental Victimization: a case study of citizens' experiences with oil and gas development in Colorado, USA”. En Green Criminology in the 21st Century. Contemporary Debates and Future Directions in the Study of Environmental Harm. M Hall, J Maher, A Nurse, G Potter, N South & T Wyatt (eds.) New York, Routledge, pp. 100-119.
  • ORGANIZACIÓN INTERNACIONAL DEL TRABAJO (2016). “Guatemala: Perspectiva de los pueblos indígenas sobre trabajo infantil en el contexto migratorio – Recomendaciones para la acción”, Organización Internacional del Trabajo. Ginebra (Suiza).
  • PIGUET E, PÉCOUD A and DE GUCHTENEIRE P (2011). “Migration and Climate Change: An overview”, Refugee Survey Quarterly vol. 33, issue 3, pp. 1-23.
  • RIVILLO TORRES J (2017). Refugiados climáticos y el cambio social en los territorios frontera [tesis doctoral]. Repositorio e-prints Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Disponible en: http://eprints.ucm.es/42011/1/T38606.pdf
  • RODRÍGUEZ GOYES D, MOL H, BRISMAN A, SOUTH N (eds.) Environmental Crime in Latin America. The Theft of Nature and the Poisoning of the Land (2017). Palgrave Studies in Green Criminology, UK, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • RODRÍGUEZ GOYES D and SOUTH N (2016). “Land-grabs, Biopiracy and the Inversion of Justice in Colombia”, The British Journal of Criminology, vol. 56, issue 3, pp. 558–577.
  • RUGGIERO, V (2013). The Crimes of the Economy. A criminological analysis of economic thought. New York, Routledge.
  • RUGGIERO V and SOUTH N (2010). “Green Criminology and Dirty Collar Crime”, Critical Criminology, vol. 18, Issue 4, pp. 251-262.
  • SALAMA O & WHITE R (2017). “Dissent, Litigation, and Investigation: Hitting the Powerful Where It Hurts”, Critical Criminology, vol. 25, issue 4, pp. 523-537.
  • SCHALLY, J (2018). Legitimizing Corporate Harm. The Discourse of Contemporary Agribusiness. Palgrave Studies in Green Criminology. UK, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • SCHWEGLER, V (2017). “The disposable nature: the case of ecocide and corporate accountability”. Amsterdam Law Forum, Summer 2017, vol. 9, Issue 3. University of Amsterdam, pp. 7199.
  • SHIVA, V (2016). “Ending a Century of Ecocide and Genocide, Seeding Earth Democracy: putting Monsanto on trial is only the beginning of what the world's people must do to regain control of their food systems”, Indigenous Policy Journal of the Indigenous Studies Network, vol. 27, issue 3, pp. 336-338.
  • SKINNIDER, E (2013). “Effect, Issues and Challenges for Victims of Crimes that have a Significant Impact on the Environment”, Research Report Issue: Violence against Women and Children, 1 March. International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy, Vancouver. pp. 1-9. Recuperado de: https://icclr.law.ubc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/FinalPaper-Effect-Issues-and-Challenges-for-victims-of-Environmental-Crime.pdf
  • SMITH, R (2017). “China’s drivers and planetary ecological collapse”, Real-world economics Review, World Economics Association, Issue 82, 13 de diciembre, pp. 2-28.
  • SOLLUND, R (2017). “The animal other: legal and illegal theriocide”. En Greening Criminology in the 21st Century. Contemporary Debates and Future Directions in the Study of Environmental Harm. M. Hall, J. Maher, A. Nurse, G. Potter, N. South, & T. Wyatt (eds.) New York, Routledge, pp. 79-99.
  • SOUTH, N (2012). “Climate Change, Environmental (In)Security, Conflict and Crime”. En Criminological and Legal Consequences of Climate Change, Stephen Farrall, Tawhida Ahmed and Duncan French (eds.) Oxford and Portland Oregon, Hart Publishing, pp. 97-111.
  • SOUTH, N “The ecocidal tendencies of late modernity: transnational crime, social exclusion, victims and rights” (2010). En Global Environmental Harm. Criminological Perspectives, Rob White (ed.) Devon, Willan Publishing, pp. 228-247.
  • SOUTH, N “Ecocide, Conflict and Climate Change: Challenges for Criminology and the Research Agenda in the 21st Century” (2009). En Eco-Crime and Justice. Essays on Environmental Crime. Kristiina Kangaspunta, Ineke Haen Marshall (eds.) Turin (Italy), Unicri, pp. 37-53.
  • SOUTH, N “A Green Field for Criminology?: A Proposal for a Perspective” (1998). Theoretical Criminology. An International Journal, vol. 2, Issue 2 May (Special Issue: The Green Field of Study for Criminology), pp. 211-233.
  • SPAPENS, T (2016). “Invisible Victims: the Problem of Policing Environmental Crime”. En Environmental Crime and its Victims. Perspectives within Green Criminology, Toine Spapens, Rob White and Marieke Kluin (eds.) New York, Routledge, pp. 221-235.
  • STOJANOV R & NOVOSÁK J (2006). “Environmental Migration in China”, Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomoucensis Geographica vol. 39, issue 1, pp. 65-82.
  • TANURO, D (2012). El imposible capitalismo verde. Del vuelco climático capitalista a la alternativa ecosocialista. Madrid, La Oveja Roja.
  • TEROL GÓMEZ, R (2016). “Sobre el régimen jurídico de la fracturación hidráulica en Estados Unidos”. En Derecho y Fracking. Germán Valencia y Juan Rosa Moreno (dirs.), Cizur Menor, Aranzadi, pp. 441-486.
  • THOM, R (2000). Parábolas y catástrofes. Entrevista sobre matemáticas, ciencia y filosofía, vol. 11 Series Metatemas. Barcelona, Tusquets.
  • TURNER E C, SNADDON J L, FAYLE T M. & FOSTER, W A (2008). “Oil Palm Research in Context: Identifying the Need for Biodiversity Assessment”. PLoS ONE, 3(2) e1572. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001572
  • UNITED NATIONS (2015). The Millennium Development Goals Report. New York. Disponible en: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July %201).pdf
  • UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME (July, 2010). “Toolkit to Combat Smuggling of Migrants, Tool 1. Understanding the smuggling of migrants”, New York, United Nations. https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/SOM_Toolkit_Ebook_english_Combined.pdf
  • VERCHER NOGUERA, A (2017). “Activismo judicial: del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos al Tribunal Penal Internacional en materia de medio ambiente”, Diario La Ley nº 9065, sección doctrina, 20 de octubre (1-8).
  • VINCENT, J (2018). “Adani's mega mine: it's not over yet”, The Sydney Morning Herald, 9 January. Disponible en: https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/adanis-mega-mine-itsnot-over-yet-20180109-h0fh1q.html
  • WARNER R, KAIDONIS M, DUN O, ROGERS K, SHI Y, NGUYEN T and WOODROFFE C (2016). “Opportunities and challenges for mangrove carbon sequestration in the Mekong River Delta in Vietnam”, Sustainability Science, vol. 11, issue 4, pp. 661-677.
  • WHITE, R (2018). “Green victimology and non-human victims”, International Review of Victimology, vol. 24, issue 2, pp. 239-255.
  • WHITE, R “Carbon economics and transnational resistance to ecocide” (2017). En Greening Criminology in the 21st Century. Contemporary Debates and Future Directions in the Study of Environmental Harm. M. Hall, J. Maher, A. Nurse, G. Potter, N. South, & T. Wyatt (eds.) New York, Routledge, pp. 11-24.
  • WHITE, R “Climate Change and Paradoxical Harm” (2012). En Criminological and Legal Consequences of Climate Change, Stephen Farrall, Tawhida Ahmed and Duncan French (eds.) Oxford and Portland Oregon, Hart Publishing, pp. 63-77.
  • WHITE R & KRAMER R (2015). “Critical Criminology and the Struggle Against Climate Change Ecocide”, Critical Criminology, vol. 23, issue 4, pp. 383-399.
  • WILLIAMS, A (2008). “Turning the Tide: Recognizing Climate Change Refugees in International Law”, Law and Policy, vol. 30, issue 4 October, pp. 502-529.
  • WILLIAMS, C (1998). “An Environmental Victimology”. En Environmental Victims: New Risks, New Injustice. Christopher Williams (ed.) London, Earthscan, pp. 3-26.
  • YOUNG, A L (2009). The History, Use, Disposition and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange. Springer.
  • ZEEMAN, E C (1978). Catastrophe Theory: Selected Papers 1972-1977. Reading (Massachusetts), Addison-Wesley P. C.
  • ZETTER, R (2007). “More labels, fewer refugees: remaking the refugee label in an era of globalization”, Journal of Refugee Studies, vol. 23, issue 2, pp.172-192.
  • ZIERLER, D (2011). The Invention of Ecocide: Agent Orange, Vietnam, and the Scientists Who Changed the Way We Think about the Environment. Athens and London, University of Georgia Press.