Prácticas de crianza de las familias españolas durante el periodo de confinamiento por coronavirus

  1. Valverde Montesino, Susana 1
  2. Martín Martín, Margarita Carmen 1
  3. Solbes Canales, Irene 1
  1. 1 Departamento de Investigación y Psicología en Educación, Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Journal:
Electronic journal of research in educational psychology

ISSN: 1696-2095

Year of publication: 2021

Volume: 19

Issue: 54

Pages: 325-350

Type: Article

DOI: 10.25115/EJREP.V19I54.4134 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openOpen access editor

More publications in: Electronic journal of research in educational psychology

Sustainable development goals

Abstract

Introduction.One of the many measures used to reduce the spread of thecoronavirus pandemic wasthe confinement of Spanish families at home for several weeks, without school attendance or contact with people outside the nuclear family. Studies carried out worldwide show that this type of measure and the crisis context can have serious negative consequences for the mental health of children and their families, which could be mitigated by parenting practices that followa positive parenting model. Method.336 mothers and fathers with children aged 2 to 8 years answered a questionnaire about parenting principles (Parenting Pentagon Model) applied during the lockdown. A descriptive analysis of results from the whole sample was performed, taking into account families’ sociodemographic variables that may also be moderators ofthe parenting practices applied. Results.According to families’ responses, parenting practices during the lockdown were generally in line with indications of the positive parenting model. The most frequent parenting principles reflected were those related to unconditional love, followed by encouraging independence and adherence to rules. Slight differences were found in parenting practices in relation to the parent’s or the child’s sex, the parent’s or child’s age, and parents’ educational level. Discussion and conclusions.Parents gave great importance to unconditional love over the other aspects of parenting during the lockdown, although all the principles were rated highly. This might mean that parents had a positive perception of their parenting practices during the lockdown, close to theexperts’ recommendations. We recommend further inquiry into family practices that are applied during periods of crisis and stress, such as the current pandemic, in order to design preventiveand intervention strategies that provide all necessary support and ensure the mental health of children.

Bibliographic References

  • Akcinar, B., y Shaw, D. S. (2018). Independent Contributions of Early Positive Parenting and Mother–Son Coercion on Emerging Social Development. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 49(3), 385–395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-017-0758-4
  • Alidosti, M., Dehghani, S. L., Babaei-Heydarabadi, A., y Tavassoli, E. (2016). Comparison of Parenting Style in Single Child and Multiple Children Families. Iranian Journal of Health Sciences, 4(2), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.jhs.4.2.49
  • Ammar, A., Chtourou, H., Boukhris, O., Trabelsi, K., Masmoudi, L., Brach, M., Bouaziz, B., Bentlage, E., How, D., Ahmed, M., Mueller, P., Mueller, N., Hsouna, H., Aloui, A., Hammouda, O., Paineiras-Domingos, L. L., Braakman-Jansen, A., Wrede, C., Bastoni, S., … Hoekelmann, A. (2020). Covid-19 home confinement negatively impacts social participation and life satisfaction: A worldwide multicenter study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176237
  • Berasategi Sancho, N. (Coord). (2020). Las voces de los niños y de las niñas en situación de confinamiento por el COVID-19. Servicio de Publicaciones. Universidad del País Vasco.
  • Bianchi, S. M., y Milkie, M. A. (2010). Work and Family Research in the First Decade of the 21st Century. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 705–725. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00726.x
  • Boeldt, D. L., Rheea, S. H., DiLallac, L., Mullineauxd, P. Y., y Al., E. (2012). The Association Between Positive Parenting and Externalizing Behaviour. Infant and Child Development, 21, 85–106. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.764
  • Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., y Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
  • Brown, S. M., Doom, J. R., Lechuga-Peña, S., Watamura, S. E., y Koppels, T. (2020). Stress and parenting during the global COVID-19 pandemic. Child Abuse y Neglect, January. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104699
  • Carroll, N., Sadowski, A., Laila, A., Hruska, V., Nixon, M., Ma, D. W. L., y Haines, J. (2020). The impact of covid-19 on health behavior, stress, financial and food security among middle to high income canadian families with young children. Nutrients, 12(8), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082352
  • Chainé, S. M., Ruíz, M. J. M., Nieto, J., y Mandujano, J. L. (2017). Positive and negative parenting associated with severe problems of child behavior. Health and Addictions / Salud y Drogas, 17(2), 137–149. https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v17i2.313
  • Chung, G., Lanier, P., y Wong, P. Y. J. (2020). Mediating Effects of Parental Stress on Harsh Parenting and Parent-Child Relationship during Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic in Singapore. Journal of Family Violence. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00200-1
  • Cluver, L., Lachman, J. M., Sherr, L., Wessels, I., Krug, E., Rakotomalala, S., Blight, S., Hillis, S., Bachman, G., Green, O., Butchart, A., Tomlinson, M., Ward, C. L., Doubt, J., y McDonald, K. (2020). Parenting in a time of COVID-19. The Lancet, 395(10231), e64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0...
  • De Avila, M. A. G., Filho, P. T. H., da Silva Jacob, F. L., Alcantara, L. R. S., Berghammer, M., Nolbris, M. J., Olaya-Contreras, P., y Nilsson, S. (2020). Children’s anxiety and factors related to the covid-19 pandemic: An exploratory study using the children’s anxiety questionnaire and the numerical rating scale. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165757
  • Dutta, S., y Bandyopadhyay, S. K. (2020). Analysis of Stress, Anxiety and Depression of Children During COVID-19, (en prensa) https://doi.org/https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202008.0636/v1
  • Fegert, J. M., Vitiello, B., Plener, P. L., y Clemens, V. (2020). Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: A narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 14(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00329-3
  • Fox, R. A., Platz, D. L., y Bentley, K. S. (1995). Maternal Factors Related to Parenting Practices, Developmental Expectations, and Perceptions of Child Behavior Problems. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 156(4), 431–441. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.1995.9914835
  • García Peña, J. J., Arana Medina, C. M., y Restrepo Botero, J. C. (2018). Parental styles in the process of raising children with disruptive disorders. Investigación y Desarrollo, 26(1), 55–74. https://doi.org/10.14482/indes.26.1.9379
  • Gaxiola Romero, J. C., Gaxiola Villa, E., y Frías Armenta, M. (2017). Variables Contextuales e Individuales Relacionadas con la Crianza Positiva Materna. Universitas Psychologica, 16(2), 1–12. https://dx.doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy16-2.vcir
  • Griffith, A. K. (2020). Parental burnout and child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Family Violence, 23, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-02000172-2
  • Gutman, L. M., y Feinstein, L. (2010). Parenting behaviours and children’s development from infancy to early childhood: Changes, continuities and contributions. In Early Child Development and Care, 180(4), 535-556. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430802113042
  • Hadjicharalambous, D., y Dimitriou, L. (2020). The Relationship Between Parents’ Demographic Factors and Parenting Styles: Effects on Children’s Psychological Adjustment. Journal of Psychology Research, 10(4), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.17265/2159-5542/2020.04.001
  • Karabanov, G. M., Asaf, M., Ziv, M., y Aram, D. (2020). Parental behaviors and parent-child digital activities among Israeli Jewish and Arab parents during the COVID-19 lockdown. Early Education and Development, (en prensa).
  • Kashahu, L., Dibra, G., Osmanaga, F., y Bushati, J. (2014). The Relationship Between Parental Demographics, Parenting Styles and Student Academic Achievement. European Scientific Journal, 10(13), 237–251. https://doi.org/10.19044/ESJ.2014.V10N13P%P
  • Kyazze, D. R., Maani, J. S., y Lubaale, G. (2020). Fathers’ parenting practices and the children’s approaches to learning from three through five years; a case of Mityana District, Uganda. Journal of Psychology Research, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.17265/21595542/2020.02.002
  • Lee, S. J., Kim, J., Taylor, C. A., y Perron, B. E. (2011). Profiles of disciplinary behaviors among biological fathers. Child Maltreatment, 16(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559510385841
  • Liu, Y., y Merritt, D. H. (2018). Familial financial stress and child internalizing behaviors: The roles of caregivers’ maltreating behaviors and social services. Child Abuse and Neglect, 86, 324–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.09.002
  • Maftei, A., Holman, A. C., y Cârlig, E. R. (2020). Does your child think you’re happy? Exploring the associations between children’s happiness and parenting styles. Children and Youth Services Review, 115, 105074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105074
  • Marianna, C., Immacolata, S., y Giuseppe, M. (2020). Parents in Pandemic: parents’ perceptions of risks and psychological, relational, and pedagogical needs in childhood during the COVID-19 emergency in Italy. Academicus International Scientific Journal, 22, 103–122. https://doi.org/10.7336/academicus.2020.22.08
  • McKinney, C., Stearns, M., y Rogers, M. M. (2018). Perceptions of Differential Parenting between Southern United States Mothers and Fathers. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(11), 3742–3752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1204-3
  • Miller, P., y Votruba-Drzal, E. (2013). Early Childhood Research Quarterly Early academic skills and childhood experiences across the urban – rural continuum. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 28(2), 234–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2012.12.005
  • Pérez Padilla, J. P., Lorence Lara, B., y Menéndez Álvarez-Dardet, S. (2010). Estrés y competencia parental: Un estudio con madres y padres trabajadores. Suma Psicologica, 17(1), 47–57. https://doi.org/10.14349/sumapsi2010.444
  • Power, K. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the care burden of women and families. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 16(1), 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2020.1776561
  • Prime, H., Wade, M., y Browne, D. T. (2020). Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Psychologist, 75(5), 631–643. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000660
  • Ren, L., Zhang, X., Yang, W., y Song, Z. (2018). Relations among Parenting, Child Behavioral Regulation and Early Competencies: A Study on Chinese Preschoolers. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(2), 639–652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826017-0898-y
  • Rodrigo, M. J., Márquez, M. L., Martín, J. C., y Rodríguez, B. (2015). La parentalidad positiva desde la prevención y promoción. En Manual Práctico en Parentalidad Positiva (pp. 23–45). Síntesis.
  • Rönkä, A., Malinen, K., Sevón, E., Metsäpelto, R. L., y May, V. (2017). Positive parenting and parenting stress among working mothers in Finland, the UK and the Netherlands: Do working time patterns matter? Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 48(2), 175–196. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.48.2.175
  • Sagi, L., y Aram, D. (2019.). The Parenting Pentagon Model: Israeli fathers’ and mothers’ of preschooler’s behaviors and well-being. Paper presentado en el Congreso del Israeli Association for Couples and Family Therapist, Haifa, Israel.
  • Sagi, L. (2020). The Parenting Pentagon Model: Israeli fathers and mothers of preschooler’ s behaviors and wellbeing. Tesis Doctoral no publicada. Tel Aviv University.
  • Sandín, B., Valiente, R. M., García-Escalera, J., y Chorot, P. (2020). Impacto psicológico de la pandemia de COVID-19: Efectos negativos y positivos en población española asociados al periodo de confinamiento nacional. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 25(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.27569
  • Sanz, Á. A., Rubio, A. B., y Luciano, B. G. (2020). Consideraciones sobre conducta infantil y confinamiento en la crisis por COVID-19 desde la perspectiva funcional del análisis de la conducta y ACT. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 20(2), 115-129.
  • Serrano-Martínez, C. (2020). Impacto emocional y crianza de menores de cuatro años durante el COVID-19. Perifèria, 25(2), 74–87. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/periferia.735
  • Sheridan, S. M., Koziol, N. A., Clarke, B. L., Rispoli, K. M., y Coutts, M. J. (2014). The influence of rurality and parental affect on kindergarten children’s social and behavioral functioning. Early Education and Development, 25(7), 1057–1082. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2014.896682
  • Shorer, M., y Leibovich, L. (2020). Young children’s emotional stress reactions during the COVID-19 outbreak and their associations with parental emotion regulation and parental playfulness. Early Child Development and Care, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2020.1806830
  • Sunarty, K., y Dirawan, G. D. (2015). Development Parenting Model to Increase the Independence of Children. International Education Studies, 8(10), 107–113. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v8n10p107
  • Wang, G., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., Zhang, J., y Jiang, F. (2020). Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet, 395(10228), 945– https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30547-X
  • Williams, K. E., Ciarrochi, J., y Heaven, P. C. L. (2012). Inflexible Parents, Inflexible Kids: A 6-Year Longitudinal Study of Parenting Style and the Development of Psychological Flexibility in Adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(8), 1053–1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9744-0
  • Woodward, K. E., Boeldt, D. L., Corley, R. P., DiLalla, L., Friedman, N. P., Hewitt, J. K., Mullineaux, P. Y., Robinson, J. A., y Rhee, S. H. (2018). Correlates of positive parenting behaviors. Behavior Genetics, 48, 283–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-018-9906-2
  • Yang, M. Y. (2015). The effect of material hardship on child protective service involvement. Child Abuse and Neglect, 41, 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.05.009
Data source: Dialnet