Prácticas de crianza de las familias españolas durante el periodo de confinamiento por coronavirus
- 1 Departamento de Investigación y Psicología en Educación, Universidad Complutense de Madrid
ISSN: 1696-2095
Année de publication: 2021
Volumen: 19
Número: 54
Pages: 325-350
Type: Article
D'autres publications dans: Electronic journal of research in educational psychology
Résumé
Introducción. La situación de pandemia mundial asociada al coronavirus ha supuesto, entre otras medidas, el confinamiento de las familias españolas en casa durante varias semanas, sin colegio ni contacto con nadie ajeno al núcleo familiar. Los estudios realizados a nivel mundial indican que este tipo de medidas y el contexto de crisis podrían acarrear consecuencias psicológicas negativas para la salud mental de los niños y sus familias, las cuales podrían ser mitigadas con la aplicación de pautas de crianza cercanas a un modelo de parentalidad positiva. Método. 336 madres y padres de niños de entre 2 y 8 años de edad respondieron a un cuestionario sobre principios de crianza (Parenting Pentagon Model) durante el confinamiento. Los resultados fueron analizados a nivel descriptivo para toda la muestra, considerando también las variables sociodemográficas familiares que modularon las prácticas parentales aplicadas. Resultados. Según la opinión de las familias, las prácticas de crianza durante el periodo de confinamiento se acercan mayoritariamente a lo indicado en el modelo de parentalidad positiva. Los principios de crianza más comunes entre las familias son aquellos relacionados con el amor incondicional, seguido de la promoción de independencia y el establecimiento de normas. Se observaron ligeras diferencias relacionadas con el sexo del progenitor, del niño, la edad de los hijos, de los padres y los niveles educativos alcanzados por los progenitores. Discusión y conclusiones. Los padres dieron gran importancia al amor incondicional por encima de otros aspectos de la crianza durante el confinamiento, aunque en todos los principios obtuvieron puntuaciones elevadas, lo que podría indicar una percepción positiva sobre sus prácticas parentales durante el confinamiento, cercana a lo recomendado por los expertos. Se sugiere profundizar en el estudio de las prácticas familiares aplicadas en periodos de crisis y estrés como la actual pandemia, con el fin de diseñar estrategias preventivas y de intervención que proporcionen todos los apoyos necesarios y garanticen la salud mental de los niños.
Références bibliographiques
- Akcinar, B., y Shaw, D. S. (2018). Independent Contributions of Early Positive Parenting and Mother–Son Coercion on Emerging Social Development. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 49(3), 385–395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-017-0758-4
- Alidosti, M., Dehghani, S. L., Babaei-Heydarabadi, A., y Tavassoli, E. (2016). Comparison of Parenting Style in Single Child and Multiple Children Families. Iranian Journal of Health Sciences, 4(2), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.jhs.4.2.49
- Ammar, A., Chtourou, H., Boukhris, O., Trabelsi, K., Masmoudi, L., Brach, M., Bouaziz, B., Bentlage, E., How, D., Ahmed, M., Mueller, P., Mueller, N., Hsouna, H., Aloui, A., Hammouda, O., Paineiras-Domingos, L. L., Braakman-Jansen, A., Wrede, C., Bastoni, S., … Hoekelmann, A. (2020). Covid-19 home confinement negatively impacts social participation and life satisfaction: A worldwide multicenter study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176237
- Berasategi Sancho, N. (Coord). (2020). Las voces de los niños y de las niñas en situación de confinamiento por el COVID-19. Servicio de Publicaciones. Universidad del País Vasco.
- Bianchi, S. M., y Milkie, M. A. (2010). Work and Family Research in the First Decade of the 21st Century. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 705–725. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00726.x
- Boeldt, D. L., Rheea, S. H., DiLallac, L., Mullineauxd, P. Y., y Al., E. (2012). The Association Between Positive Parenting and Externalizing Behaviour. Infant and Child Development, 21, 85–106. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.764
- Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., y Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
- Brown, S. M., Doom, J. R., Lechuga-Peña, S., Watamura, S. E., y Koppels, T. (2020). Stress and parenting during the global COVID-19 pandemic. Child Abuse y Neglect, January. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104699
- Carroll, N., Sadowski, A., Laila, A., Hruska, V., Nixon, M., Ma, D. W. L., y Haines, J. (2020). The impact of covid-19 on health behavior, stress, financial and food security among middle to high income canadian families with young children. Nutrients, 12(8), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082352
- Chainé, S. M., Ruíz, M. J. M., Nieto, J., y Mandujano, J. L. (2017). Positive and negative parenting associated with severe problems of child behavior. Health and Addictions / Salud y Drogas, 17(2), 137–149. https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v17i2.313
- Chung, G., Lanier, P., y Wong, P. Y. J. (2020). Mediating Effects of Parental Stress on Harsh Parenting and Parent-Child Relationship during Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic in Singapore. Journal of Family Violence. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00200-1
- Cluver, L., Lachman, J. M., Sherr, L., Wessels, I., Krug, E., Rakotomalala, S., Blight, S., Hillis, S., Bachman, G., Green, O., Butchart, A., Tomlinson, M., Ward, C. L., Doubt, J., y McDonald, K. (2020). Parenting in a time of COVID-19. The Lancet, 395(10231), e64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0...
- De Avila, M. A. G., Filho, P. T. H., da Silva Jacob, F. L., Alcantara, L. R. S., Berghammer, M., Nolbris, M. J., Olaya-Contreras, P., y Nilsson, S. (2020). Children’s anxiety and factors related to the covid-19 pandemic: An exploratory study using the children’s anxiety questionnaire and the numerical rating scale. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165757
- Dutta, S., y Bandyopadhyay, S. K. (2020). Analysis of Stress, Anxiety and Depression of Children During COVID-19, (en prensa) https://doi.org/https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202008.0636/v1
- Fegert, J. M., Vitiello, B., Plener, P. L., y Clemens, V. (2020). Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: A narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 14(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00329-3
- Fox, R. A., Platz, D. L., y Bentley, K. S. (1995). Maternal Factors Related to Parenting Practices, Developmental Expectations, and Perceptions of Child Behavior Problems. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 156(4), 431–441. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.1995.9914835
- García Peña, J. J., Arana Medina, C. M., y Restrepo Botero, J. C. (2018). Parental styles in the process of raising children with disruptive disorders. Investigación y Desarrollo, 26(1), 55–74. https://doi.org/10.14482/indes.26.1.9379
- Gaxiola Romero, J. C., Gaxiola Villa, E., y Frías Armenta, M. (2017). Variables Contextuales e Individuales Relacionadas con la Crianza Positiva Materna. Universitas Psychologica, 16(2), 1–12. https://dx.doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy16-2.vcir
- Griffith, A. K. (2020). Parental burnout and child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Family Violence, 23, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-02000172-2
- Gutman, L. M., y Feinstein, L. (2010). Parenting behaviours and children’s development from infancy to early childhood: Changes, continuities and contributions. In Early Child Development and Care, 180(4), 535-556. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430802113042
- Hadjicharalambous, D., y Dimitriou, L. (2020). The Relationship Between Parents’ Demographic Factors and Parenting Styles: Effects on Children’s Psychological Adjustment. Journal of Psychology Research, 10(4), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.17265/2159-5542/2020.04.001
- Karabanov, G. M., Asaf, M., Ziv, M., y Aram, D. (2020). Parental behaviors and parent-child digital activities among Israeli Jewish and Arab parents during the COVID-19 lockdown. Early Education and Development, (en prensa).
- Kashahu, L., Dibra, G., Osmanaga, F., y Bushati, J. (2014). The Relationship Between Parental Demographics, Parenting Styles and Student Academic Achievement. European Scientific Journal, 10(13), 237–251. https://doi.org/10.19044/ESJ.2014.V10N13P%P
- Kyazze, D. R., Maani, J. S., y Lubaale, G. (2020). Fathers’ parenting practices and the children’s approaches to learning from three through five years; a case of Mityana District, Uganda. Journal of Psychology Research, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.17265/21595542/2020.02.002
- Lee, S. J., Kim, J., Taylor, C. A., y Perron, B. E. (2011). Profiles of disciplinary behaviors among biological fathers. Child Maltreatment, 16(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559510385841
- Liu, Y., y Merritt, D. H. (2018). Familial financial stress and child internalizing behaviors: The roles of caregivers’ maltreating behaviors and social services. Child Abuse and Neglect, 86, 324–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.09.002
- Maftei, A., Holman, A. C., y Cârlig, E. R. (2020). Does your child think you’re happy? Exploring the associations between children’s happiness and parenting styles. Children and Youth Services Review, 115, 105074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105074
- Marianna, C., Immacolata, S., y Giuseppe, M. (2020). Parents in Pandemic: parents’ perceptions of risks and psychological, relational, and pedagogical needs in childhood during the COVID-19 emergency in Italy. Academicus International Scientific Journal, 22, 103–122. https://doi.org/10.7336/academicus.2020.22.08
- McKinney, C., Stearns, M., y Rogers, M. M. (2018). Perceptions of Differential Parenting between Southern United States Mothers and Fathers. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(11), 3742–3752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1204-3
- Miller, P., y Votruba-Drzal, E. (2013). Early Childhood Research Quarterly Early academic skills and childhood experiences across the urban – rural continuum. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 28(2), 234–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2012.12.005
- Pérez Padilla, J. P., Lorence Lara, B., y Menéndez Álvarez-Dardet, S. (2010). Estrés y competencia parental: Un estudio con madres y padres trabajadores. Suma Psicologica, 17(1), 47–57. https://doi.org/10.14349/sumapsi2010.444
- Power, K. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the care burden of women and families. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 16(1), 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2020.1776561
- Prime, H., Wade, M., y Browne, D. T. (2020). Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Psychologist, 75(5), 631–643. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000660
- Ren, L., Zhang, X., Yang, W., y Song, Z. (2018). Relations among Parenting, Child Behavioral Regulation and Early Competencies: A Study on Chinese Preschoolers. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(2), 639–652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826017-0898-y
- Rodrigo, M. J., Márquez, M. L., Martín, J. C., y Rodríguez, B. (2015). La parentalidad positiva desde la prevención y promoción. En Manual Práctico en Parentalidad Positiva (pp. 23–45). Síntesis.
- Rönkä, A., Malinen, K., Sevón, E., Metsäpelto, R. L., y May, V. (2017). Positive parenting and parenting stress among working mothers in Finland, the UK and the Netherlands: Do working time patterns matter? Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 48(2), 175–196. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.48.2.175
- Sagi, L., y Aram, D. (2019.). The Parenting Pentagon Model: Israeli fathers’ and mothers’ of preschooler’s behaviors and well-being. Paper presentado en el Congreso del Israeli Association for Couples and Family Therapist, Haifa, Israel.
- Sagi, L. (2020). The Parenting Pentagon Model: Israeli fathers and mothers of preschooler’ s behaviors and wellbeing. Tesis Doctoral no publicada. Tel Aviv University.
- Sandín, B., Valiente, R. M., García-Escalera, J., y Chorot, P. (2020). Impacto psicológico de la pandemia de COVID-19: Efectos negativos y positivos en población española asociados al periodo de confinamiento nacional. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 25(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.27569
- Sanz, Á. A., Rubio, A. B., y Luciano, B. G. (2020). Consideraciones sobre conducta infantil y confinamiento en la crisis por COVID-19 desde la perspectiva funcional del análisis de la conducta y ACT. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 20(2), 115-129.
- Serrano-Martínez, C. (2020). Impacto emocional y crianza de menores de cuatro años durante el COVID-19. Perifèria, 25(2), 74–87. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/periferia.735
- Sheridan, S. M., Koziol, N. A., Clarke, B. L., Rispoli, K. M., y Coutts, M. J. (2014). The influence of rurality and parental affect on kindergarten children’s social and behavioral functioning. Early Education and Development, 25(7), 1057–1082. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2014.896682
- Shorer, M., y Leibovich, L. (2020). Young children’s emotional stress reactions during the COVID-19 outbreak and their associations with parental emotion regulation and parental playfulness. Early Child Development and Care, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2020.1806830
- Sunarty, K., y Dirawan, G. D. (2015). Development Parenting Model to Increase the Independence of Children. International Education Studies, 8(10), 107–113. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v8n10p107
- Wang, G., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., Zhang, J., y Jiang, F. (2020). Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet, 395(10228), 945– https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30547-X
- Williams, K. E., Ciarrochi, J., y Heaven, P. C. L. (2012). Inflexible Parents, Inflexible Kids: A 6-Year Longitudinal Study of Parenting Style and the Development of Psychological Flexibility in Adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(8), 1053–1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9744-0
- Woodward, K. E., Boeldt, D. L., Corley, R. P., DiLalla, L., Friedman, N. P., Hewitt, J. K., Mullineaux, P. Y., Robinson, J. A., y Rhee, S. H. (2018). Correlates of positive parenting behaviors. Behavior Genetics, 48, 283–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-018-9906-2
- Yang, M. Y. (2015). The effect of material hardship on child protective service involvement. Child Abuse and Neglect, 41, 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.05.009