A Framework for Assessing the Role of Public Service Media Organizations in Countering Disinformation

  1. Horowitz, Minna 2
  2. Cushion, Stephen 3
  3. Dragomir, Marius 1
  4. Gutiérrez Manjón, Sergio 4
  5. Pantti, Mervi 2
  1. 1 Center for Media, Data & Society, Central European University, Wien, Austria
  2. 2 Faculty of Social Sciences, Media and Communication Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  3. 3 School of Journalism, Media and Culture, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
  4. 4 Department of Theories and Analysis of Communication, School of Communications, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Zeitschrift:
Digital Journalism

ISSN: 2167-0811 2167-082X

Datum der Publikation: 2021

Ausgabe: 10

Nummer: 5

Seiten: 843-865

Art: Artikel

DOI: 10.1080/21670811.2021.1987948 GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openOpen Access editor

Andere Publikationen in: Digital Journalism

Ziele für nachhaltige Entwicklung

Informationen zur Finanzierung

Geldgeber

Bibliographische Referenzen

  • 10.4324/9780203803448
  • Alcázar Luis., (2020), Revista de la Asociación Española de Investigación de la Comunicación, pp. 78, 10.24137/raeic.7.14.4
  • Aro Jessikka., (2019), Putin’s Trolls. Real Stories from Infowars. [Putinin Trollit: Tositarinoita Venäjän Infosodan Rintamilta].
  • Bajomi-Lázár Peter., (2014), Party Colonisation of the Media in Central and Eastern Europe
  • 10.1080/13183222.2017.1288781
  • BARB. 2020. “Viewing Report 2020.” https://www.barb.co.uk/download/?file=/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Barb-Viewing-Report-2020_32pp_spreads_FINAL.pdf.
  • Barlovento Comunicación, (2020), Análisis de la Industria Televisiva-Audiovisual 2020
  • BBC. 2020. “BBC—BBC Annual Report 2019–20—Media Centre.” https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2020/bbc-annual-report-2019-20.
  • BBC. 2021. “Young Reporter News.” Accessed 11 January 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/education-46131593.e.
  • BBC. n.d. “Beyond Fake News.” Accessed 3 April 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/beyondfakenews/.
  • 10.1177/0267323118760317
  • Berumen Sergio, (2015), Public Service Media in Europe: A Comparative Analysis, pp. 11
  • 10.1007/978-3-030-30573-4
  • Boix Andrés, (2020), Cuadernos, pp. 5
  • Cabascango, Lucía. 2021. “La Auténtica Pregunta de Mònica López sobre Díaz Ayuso en ‘La hora de La 1’.” La Vanguardia. https://www.lavanguardia.com/television/20210427/7369089/autentica-pregunta-monica-lopez-sobre-diaz-ayuso-hora-1.amp.html.
  • Channel 4. n.d. “Meet Colombia’s Trans Coffee Pickers.” Facebook.com. Accessed 11 January 2021. https://www.facebook.com/Channel4News/posts/uncovered-is-a-new-weekly-channel-4-news-show-exclusive-to-facebook-watch-follow/10156480715371939/
  • Council of Europe (CoE). 2019. “PACE—Resolution 2255 (2019)—Public Service Media in the Context of Disinformation and Propaganda.” Assembly.Coe.Int, January 23. http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-EN.asp?fileid=25406&lang=en.
  • 10.1177/1464884918807036
  • Digital Society Project. 2018. “Foreign Government Dissemination of False Information.” http://digitalsocietyproject.org/foreign-intervention-on-social-media/.
  • 10.1177/0163443719857616
  • Dragomir, M. 2016. “The BBC in the Dock Over Bias.” MediaPowerMonitor. Accessed 2 June 2020. http://mpmonitor.org/2016/07/the-bbc-in-the-dock-over-bias/.
  • Dragomir, Marius. 2019. “Media Capture in Europe.” Media Development Investment Fund. https://www.mdif.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/MDIF-Report-Media-Capture-in-Europe.pdf.
  • EBU. 2012. “Empowering Society: A Declaration on the Core Values of Public Service Media.” https://www.ebu.ch/files/live/sites/ebu/files/Publications/EBU-Empowering-Society_EN.pdf
  • EBU. 2018. “Fake News Survey.” https://www.ebu.ch/media/fake-news.
  • EBU (2020). Market Insights: Trust in Media 2019. Media Intelligence Service, May 2019. Geneva: European Broadcasting Union.
  • Edelman. 2020. “2020 Edelman Trust Barometer.” https://www.edelman.com/trust/2020-trust-barometer.
  • EU HLEG. 2018. “A Multi-dimensional Approach to Disinformation Report of the Independent High Level Group on Fake News and Online Disinformation.” European Union High Level Expert Group. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/final-report-high-level-expert-group-fake-news-and-online-disinformation
  • Eurobarometer. 2018. “Final Results of the Eurobarometer on Fake News and Online Disinformation.” Shaping Europe’s Digital Future—European Commission. March 12. https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/final-results-eurobarometer-fake-news-and-online-disinformation.
  • Forum on Information & Democracy. n.d. “Working Groups—Forum on Information & Democracy.” Forum Information & Democracy. Accessed 3 April 2021. https://informationdemocracy.org/working-groups/concrete-solutions-against-the-infodemic/
  • 10.1177/1527476418760985
  • 10.17951/ms.2019.3.115-135
  • 10.1177/0163443717692787
  • Graves Lucas, (2016), The Rise of Fact-Checking Sites in Europe
  • 10.1017/CBO9780511790867
  • 10.4324/9781003004431-46
  • 10.1386/macp_00002_1
  • Herrero Laia Castro, (2017), International Journal of Communication, 11, pp. 27
  • Hidalgo-Marí Tatiana, (2017), Publicidad y Convergencia Mediática. Nuevas Estrategias de Comunicación Persuasiva
  • 10.1177/0267323121991334
  • Horowitz Minna, (2020), Universalism in Public Service Media, pp. 175
  • 10.1525/gp.2021.19054
  • Horowitz, Minna. 2018. “Center for Media, Data and Society.” Public Service Media and Information Disorder. White Paper. Central European University. https://cmds.ceu.edu/article/2018-08-27/public-service-media-and-information-disorder.
  • 10.1177/1940161219900126
  • 10.1080/1369118X.2018.1474241
  • 10.4324/9781003004431-55
  • Lessenski, Marin. 2019. “The Media Literacy Index 2019: Just Think about It.” Osis.Bg. https://osis.bg/?p=3356&lang=en.
  • Macintosh, Eliza, and Edward Kiernan. 2019. “Finland is Winning the War on Fake News. What It’s Learned May be Crucial to Western Democracy.” CNN. Accessed 2 April 2021. https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2019/05/europe/finland-fake-news-intl/.
  • 10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101451
  • Mazzucato, Marina, Rowan Conway, Eleonora Maria Mazzoli, Eva Knoll, and Sarah Albala. 2020. “Creating and Measuring Dynamic Public Value at the BBC.” UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose, Policy Report (IIPP WP 2020-19).
  • National Audiovisual Institute KAVI, Finnish Media Education Promoting Media and Information Literacy in Finland
  • Nelson, Mark. 2017. “What Is to Be Done? Options for Combating the Menace of Media Capture.” Center for International Media Assistance. https://www.Cima.Ned.org/Resource/Media-Capture-Combating-Menace-Media-Capture.
  • Newman Nic, (2017), Bias, Bullshit and Lies Audience Perspectives on Low Trust in the Media. Digital News Report 2017
  • Newman, Nic, Richard Fletcher, Anne Schulz, Simke Andi, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen. 2020. Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-06/DNR_2020_FINAL.pdf.
  • Nielsen Rasmus Kleis, (2019), What Can Be Done? Digital Media Policy Options for Strengthening European Democracy
  • Nieminen Sakari, (2018), Yhteiskuntapolitiikka, 83, pp. 599
  • Parra, Eduardo. 2020. “La Plataforma en Defensa de la Libertad de Información Pide al Gobierno Reformas ‘Tras el Retroceso de los Ultimos Años’.” Europapress. https://www.europapress.es/sociedad/noticia-plataforma-defensa-libertad-informacion-pide-gobierno-reformas-retroceso-ultimos-anos-20200120150413.html.
  • 10.1007/978-3-030-02710-0
  • Reuters. 2021. “BBC to Provide Biggest Education Offering as England Begins New Lockdown.” https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-britain-bbc-idUSKBN29A2AC.
  • 10.5325/jinfopoli.10.2020.0439
  • Rönkä, Reetta. 2020. “A Letter of Intent Between Yle and Särkänniemi Amusement Park to Build a Media World.” [Pikku Kakkosen Mediamaailma kehittää lasten mediataitoja – aiesopimukseen ensimmäisen Mediamaailman rakentamisesta]. Yle.Fi. https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2020/12/17/pikku-kakkosen-mediamaailma-kehittaa-lasten-mediataitoja-yle-ja-sarkanniemi.
  • Reporters without Borders (RSF). 2020. “2020 World Press Freedom Index—Reporters Without Borders.” https://rsf.org/en/ranking.
  • Corporación De Radiotelevisión Española (RTVE). 2019. “Memoria 2019. Sobre el Cumplimiento de la Función de Servicio Público y la Responsabilidad Social Corporativa.” https://www.rtve.es/contenidos/corporacion/MEMORIA_SP_Y_RSC_2019.pdf.
  • Russ-Mohl, Stephan. 2018. “‘Fake News’ and Disinformation in Eastern Europe.” European Journalism Observatory—EJO. https://en.ejo.ch/specialist-journalism/fake-news-and-disinformation-in-eastern-europe.
  • Schulz Anne, (2019), Old, Educated, and Politically Diverse: The Audience of Public Service News
  • Sehl Annika, (2018), Public Service News and Social Media
  • 10.17645/mac.v8i3.3141
  • Sequeira, Tahira. 2020. “QAnon and the Looming Threat of Misinformation in Finland.” www.Helsinkitimes.Fi, November 3. https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/finland/finland-news/domestic/18262-qanon-and-the-looming-threat-of-misinformation-in-finland.html.
  • Soo, Nikki, Maria Morani, Maria Kyriakidou, and Stephen Cushion. 2020. “Research Suggests UK Public Can Spot Fake News about COVID-19, but Don’t Realise the UK’s Death Toll is Far Higher than in Many Other Countries.” https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/covid19/2020/04/28/research-suggests-uk-public-can-spot-fake-news-about-covid-19-but-dont-realise-the-uks-death-toll-is-far-higher-than-in-many-other-countries/.
  • 10.2307/j.ctv65swsg
  • 10.17265/2159-5313/2016.09.003
  • Toff Benjamin, (2021), Listening to What Trust in News Means to Users: Qualitative Evidence from Four Countries
  • Tuominen, Saku. 2020. “Finland: Yle Etäkoulu (Yle Distance School) Education Continuity during the Coronavirus Crisis.” Education Continuity During the Coronavirus Crisis: A Joint Initiative By The World Bank, The OECD, Harvard Global Education Innovation Initiative and Hundred. https://oecdedutoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Finland-Yle-Distant-School.pdf.
  • Ufarte-Ruiz María José, (2020), Trípodos, 47, pp. 87
  • Unsworth, Fran. 2019. “At the BBC Impartiality is Precious.” The Guardian, December 4. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/dec/04/bbc-impartiality-precious-protect-election-coverage.
  • Van den Bulck Hilde, (2018), Public Service Media in the Networked Society, pp. 19
  • 10.1177/2056305120933289
  • Wardle, Claire, and Hossein Derakhshan. 2017. “Information Disorder: Toward an Interdisciplinary Framework for Research and Policy Making.” Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-researc/168076277c.
  • Yle (2019). “Economic figures in 2019.” Yle’s year 2019. Accessed 20 May 2020. https://yle.fi/aihe/yles-year-2019/economic-figures-in-2019