Close, yet differentthe Southern European transitions of the 1970s revisited

  1. Diego Palacios Cerezales 1
  2. Víctor Fernández Soriano 2
  1. 1 Universidad Complutense de Madrid
    info

    Universidad Complutense de Madrid

    Madrid, España

    ROR 02p0gd045

  2. 2 Université Libre de Bruxelles (Belgica)
Revista:
Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez

ISSN: 0076-230X

Año de publicación: 2023

Número: 53

Páginas: 181-206

Tipo: Artículo

DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez

Resumen

The idea that Portugal, Greece and Spain shared a model of transition from dictatorship to democracy has been proposed, criticised and revived several times in the past four decades. After a survey of the criteria found in the literature, this article develops a comparative exploration of the three transitions guided by the definition of democracy as an effective system of government built upon the rule of the people, operationalised in three key dimensions. The first one is the reconfiguration of the people by means of the redefinition of the boundaries and contents of the nation. The second is the means deployed to express and channel the political preferences of the population, including elections, referenda and demonstrations. The final dimension is the transformation of the policing apparatus that contributes to make government effective. There were important differences in the direction of change and the centrality of the elements of these three dimensions, especially regarding the choices concering the redefinition of the national community, the use of referenda and the urgency of police reform. However, the three countries successfully became multi-party democracies, suggesting that even if not every path opened ahead for each country would have resulted in democracy, democracy was the possible outcome of many different sets of collective and individual choices.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Aarbakke, Vemund (2000), “The Muslim Minority of Greek Thrace”, Ph.D. thesis, University of Bergen.
  • Accornero, Guya (2016), The Revolution Before the Revolution, New York, Berghahn. DOI : 10.1515/9781785331152
  • Agüero, Felipe (1995), “Democratic consolidation and the military in Southern Europe and South America”, in Richard Gunther, P. Nikiforos Diamandouros, Hans-Jürgen Puhle (eds), The Politics of Democratic Consolidation, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 124-165.
  • Aguilar, Paloma (1997), “La amnesia y la memoria: las movilizaciones por la amnistía en la transición a la democracia”, in Rafael Cruz Martínez and Manuel Pérez Ledesma (eds) Cultura y movilización en la España contemporánea, Madrid, Alianza, pp. 327-357.
  • Alivizatos, Nicos A. (1979), Les institutions politiques de la Grèce à travers les crises 1922-1974, Paris, Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence.
  • Álvarez Junco, José (2016), Dioses útiles. Naciones y nacionalismos, Barcelona, Galaxia Gutenberg.
  • Beaton, Roderick (2020), Greece. Biography of a Modern Nation, London, Penguin.
  • Bermeo, Nancy (1987), “Redemocratization and Transition Elections: A Comparison of Spain and Portugal”, Comparative Politics, 19, pp. 213-231. DOI : 10.2307/421799
  • Bermeo, Nancy (2010), “Interests, Inequality, and Illusion in the Choice for Fair Elections”, Comparative Political Studies, 43 (8-9), pp. 1119-1147. DOI : 10.1177/0010414010370438
  • Chilcote, Ronald H. (2010), The Portuguese Revolution. State and Class in the Transition to Democracy, Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Christopoulos, Dimitris (2013), Access to Electoral Rights: Greece, Florence, European University Institute, RSCAS/EUDO-CIT-ER 2013/16.
  • Clogg, Richard (1987), Parties and Elections in Greece. The Search for Legitimacy, Durham, NC, Duke University Press.
  • Danopoulos, Constantinos (1985), “From Balconies to Tanks. Post-Junta Civil-Military Relations in Greece”, Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 13, pp. 83-98.
  • Domper Lasús, Carlos (2020), Dictatorship and the Electoral Vote: Francoism and the Portuguese New State Regime in Comparative Perspective, 1945-1975, Eastbourne, Sussex Academic Press.
  • Doulis, Thomas (2013), The Iron Storm. The Impact on Greek Culture of the Military Junta, 1967-1974, Bloomington, Xlibris.
  • Douvlis, Konstantinos, & Nigel South (2016), “Police Reform and Social Change in Greece: the Development and Merger of the Gendarmerie and Urban Police Forces”, Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijoç, 4, pp. 289-299.
  • Durán Muñoz, Rafael (2000), Contención y transgresión. Las movilizaciones sociales y el Estado en las transiciones española y portuguesa, Madrid, Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales.
  • Encarnación, Omar G. (2001), “Civil Society and the Consolidation of Democracy in Spain”, Political Science Quarterly, 116/1, pp. 53-79. DOI : 10.2307/2657820
  • Fernandes, Tiago [ed.] (2017), Variedades de Democrácia na Europa do Sul. Una Comparação entre Espanha, França, Grécia, Itália e Portugal, Lisbon, ICS.
  • Fishman, Robert (1990), “Review: Rethinking State and Regime: Southern Europe’s Transition to Democracy”, World Politics, 42 (3), pp. 422-440.
  • Fishman, Robert (2019), Democratic practice: origins of the Iberian divide in political inclusion, Oxford, Oxford University Press. DOI : 10.1093/oso/9780190912871.001.0001
  • Giner, Salvador (1982), “Economía política y legitimación cultural en los orígenes de la democracia parlamentaria: el caso de la Europa del Sur”, in Julián Santamaría (ed.), Transición a la democracia en el Sur de Europa y America Latina, Madrid, Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas.
  • Gómez Fortes, Braulio (2003), “La constitución contorsionista de Portugal”, in António Barreto, Braulio Gómez Fortes, Pedro Magalhães, (ed.), Portugal. Democracia y Sistema Político, Madrid, Siglo xxi, pp. 47-82.
  • Hermet, Guy (1977), “Les élections sans choix”, Revue française de science politique, 27, pp. 30-33. DOI : 10.3406/rfsp.1977.393711
  • Huntington, Samuel P. (1968), Political Order in Changing Societies, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press. DOI : 10.5771/0506-7286-1970-2-257
  • Huntington, Samuel P. (1991), The Third Wave. Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman, OK, University of Oklahoma Press.
  • Iossifidis, Mirande Jeanne Marie (2020), “Spaces of transmission. Storytelling and remembrance of the 1973 Athens Polytechnic Uprising”, City, Culture and Society, 22, pp. 1-11. DOI : 10.1016/j.ccs.2020.100355
  • Karakatsani, Neovi (1997), “Do Attitudes Matter? The Military and Democratic Consolidation in Greece”, Armed Forces and Society, 24/2, pp. 289-314. DOI : 10.1177/0095327X9702400205
  • Kornetis, Kostis (2013), Children of the Dictatorship. Student Resistance, Cultural Politics, and the “Long 1960s” in Greece, New York and Oxford, Berghahn. DOI : 10.1515/9781782380016
  • Lijphart, Arendt, (1990), “The Southern European Examples of Democratization: Six Lessons for Latin America”, Government and Opposition, 25 (1), pp. 68-84. DOI : 10.1111/j.1477-7053.1990.tb00747.x
  • Linz, Juan José, & Alfred Stepan [coords.] (1996), Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe, Baltimore, Johns Hopskin University Press.
  • Magalhães, Pedro (2017), “Legado partilhado, ruturas divergentes: a democracia subnacional”, in Tiago Fernandes (ed.), Variedades de Democracia na Europa do Sul 1968-2016, Lisbon, ICS, pp. 225-254.
  • Martins, Hermínio (1998), Classe, Status e Poder, Lisboa, ICS.
  • Mendes, Jose Manuel (2001), Do ressentimento ao reconhecimento. Vozes, identidades e processos políticos nos Açores, doctoral thesis, University of Coimbra.
  • Neves, José (2008), Comunismo e Nacionalismo em Portugal. Política, Cultura e História no Século xx, Lisboa, Tinta da China.
  • O’Donnell, Guillermo, & Philippe C. Schmitter, [ed.] (1990), Transitions from Authoritarian Rule. Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies, Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Palacios Cerezales, Diego (2007), “Fascist lackeys? Dealing with the police’s past during Portugal’s transition to democracy (1974-1980)”, Portuguese Journal of Social Science, 6, 3, pp. 155-169. DOI : 10.1386/pjss.6.3.155_1
  • Palacios Cerezales, Diego (2011), “Repressive Legacies and the Democratisation of Iberian Police Systems”, in Leonardo Morlino & Antonio Costa Pinto (eds), Dealing with the Legacy of Authoritarianism, London, Routlegde, pp. 89-108. DOI : 10.1080/13608746.2010.513603
  • Palacios Cerezales, Diego (2016), “Civil Resistance and Democracy in the Portuguese Revolution”, Journal of Contemporary History, pp. 1-22. DOI : 10.1177/0022009416641496
  • Patrikiou, Alexandra (2017), “On the Historiography of the Language Question in Post-1974 Greece”, Historein, 16 (1-2), pp. 102-119. DOI : 10.12681/historein.10249
  • Pereira, José Santana, & Tiago Tibúrcio (2017), “Democracia direta: padrões de diversidade intrarregional”, in Tiago Fernandes (ed.), Variedades de Democracia na Europa do Sul 1968-2016, Lisbon, ICS, pp. 165-194.
  • Portabella, Pere (1976), Informe General, documentary film, Spain, Films 59.
  • Poulantzas, Nicos (1975), La crise des dictatures. Portugal Grèce Espagne, Paris, P.U.F., coll. «Politiques».
  • Pridham, G. (1984), “Comparative perspectives on the new Mediterranean democracies: A model of regime transition?”, West European Politics, 7 (2), pp. 1-29. DOI : 10.1080/01402388408424468
  • Pridham, Geoffrey, & Tatu Vanhanen (1994), Democratization in Eastern Europe, London, Routledge.
  • Radcliff, Pamela (2016), “Social Movements, Democratic Transition, and Citizenship: Spain in the 1970s”, in Inbal Ofer and Tamar Groves (ed.), Performing Citizenship: Social Movements Across the Globe, New York, Routledge, pp. 10-29.
  • Sánchez Cervelló, Josep, (1993), A revolução portuguesa e a sua influência na transição espanhola, Lisboa, Assírio e Alvim.
  • Schmitter, Phillip. C. (1999), “The democratisation of Portugal in its comparative perspective”, in Fernando Rosas (ed.), Portugal e a Transição para a Democracia (1974-1976), Lisboa, Colibrí, pp. 337-364.
  • Sotiropoulos, Dimitri A. (2010), “The Authoritarian Past and Contemporary Greek Democracy”, South European Society and Politics, 15, 3, pp. 449-465. DOI : 10.1080/13608746.2010.513604
  • Tilly, Charles (1983), “Speaking Your Mind without Elections, Surveys, or Social-Movements”, Public Opinion Quarterly, 47, pp. 461-478. DOI : 10.1086/268805
  • Tridimas, George (2009), “Referendum and the choice between monarchy and republic in Greece”, Constitutional Political Economy, 21, 2, pp. 119-144. DOI : 10.1007/s10602-009-9078-4
  • Tsitselikis, Konstantinos (2019), “Muslims of Greece: A Legal Paradox and a Political Failure”, in Norbert Oberauer, Yvonne Prief and Ulrike Qubaja (ed.), Legal Pluralism in Muslim Contexts, Leiden and Boston, Brill, pp. 63-83.
  • Tziovas, Dimitris (2021), Greece from Junta to Crisis: Modernisation, Transition and Diversity, London and New York, I.B. Taurus.
  • Veremis, Thanos (1997), The Military in Greek Politics. From Independence to Democracy, London, Black Rose Books, 1997.
  • Wiarda, Howard J. (2002), “Southern Europe, Eastern Europe, and Comparative Politics: Transitology and the Need for New Theory”, World Affairs, 16 (4), pp. 485-501.
  • Ysàs, Pere, & Carme Molinero (2018), La Transición. Historia y relatos, Madrid, Siglo XXI.
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet