Exposición selectiva y polarización de audiencias. Un análisis a través del consumo acumulado de información política en España

  1. José María Ramírez-Dueñas
  2. María Luisa Humanes
Revista:
Cuadernos.Info

ISSN: 0719-3661

Año de publicación: 2023

Título del ejemplar: Diez años de Cuadernos.info al servicio de la variedad del campo en Iberoamérica

Número: 56

Páginas: 1-21

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.7764/CDI.56.59797 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: Cuadernos.Info

Resumen

Diferentes investigaciones han puesto de manifiesto cómo los crecientes procesos de polarización están configurando nuestras sociedades y la relación entre ciudadanos, instituciones y medios de comunicación. Este estudio busca enfocarse en la llamada polarización de audiencias, entendida como una consecuencia de la progresiva exposición selectiva –ideológica, en este caso– que reduce la cantidad de informaciones y contextos a los que están dispuestos a exponerse. Para evaluar este fenómeno en España, se ha realizado un análisis cuantitativo a través de la encuesta postelectoral de las elecciones generales de noviembre de 2019 del Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas mediante una escala de consumo acumulado, en cuyos resultados se advierte del perfil de los sujetos más polarizados mediáticamente: hombres, personas de mayor edad, con más ingresos económicos, interesados por la política y activados electoralmente. Este concepto permite estudiar mejor los procesos de polarización política y afectiva y abre nuevas líneas de investigación sobre la generación de identidades (ideológicas, partidistas...) y sobre sus efectos en la mayor radicalidad en el fenómeno de la polarización.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Arceneaux, K. & Johnson, M. (2013). Changing Minds or Changing Channels?Partisan News in an Age of Choice. University of Chicago Press.
  • Bail, C. A., Argyle, L. P., Brown, T. W., &Volfovsky, A. (2018). Exposure to opposing views on social media can increase political polarization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(37), 9216–922. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804840115
  • Barberá, P., Jost, J. T. Nagler, J., Tucker, J. A., & Bonneau, R. (2015). Tweeting From Left to Right: Is Online Political Communication More Than an Echo Chamber? Psychological Science, 26(10), 1531-1542. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615594620
  • Barberá, P. (2015). How Social Media Reduces Mass Political Polarization. Evidence from Germany, Spain, and the US. Job Market Paper, 46, 1-46.
  • Bright, J. (2018). Explaining the Emergence of Political Fragmentation on Social Media: The Role of Ideology and Extremism. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 23(1), 17-33. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmx002
  • Brüggemann, M., Engesser, S., Büchel, F., Humprecht, E., & Castro, L. (2014). Hallin and Mancini Revisited: Four Empirical Types of Western Media Systems. Journal of Communication, 64(6), 1037–1065. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12127
  • Cardenal, A., Aguilar-Paredes, C., Cristancho, C., & Majó-Vázquez., S. (2019). Echochambers in Online News Consumption: Evidence from Survey and Navigation Data in Spain. European Journal of Communication 34(4), 360–376. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323119844409
  • Casero-Ripollés, A. (2012). Periodismo político en España: concepciones, tensiones y elecciones (Political journalism in Spain: conceptions, tensions and choices). Sociedad Latina de Comunicación Social.
  • Chaffee, S. & Miyo, Y. (1983). Selective Exposure and the Reinforcement Hypothesis: An Intergenerational Panel Study of the 1980 Presidential Campaign. Communication Research, 10(1), 3-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365083010001001
  • Dubois, E. & Blank, G. (2018). The echo chamber is overstated: the moderating effect of political interest and diverse media. Information, Communication & Society, 21(5), 729-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1428656
  • Fiorina, M., Abrams, S., & Pope, J. (2005). Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America. Pearson Longman.
  • Fletcher, R., Cornia, A., & Nielsen, R. (2019). How Polarized Are Online and Offline News Audiences. A Comparative Analysis of Twelve Countries. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 25(2), 169-195. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161219892768
  • Fletcher, R. & Nielsen, R. (2017). Are News Audiences Increasingly Fragmented? A CrossNational Comparative Analysis of Cross‐Platform News Audience Fragmentation and Duplication. Journal of Communication, 67(4), 476-498. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12315
  • Garrett, R., Carnahan, D., & Lynch, E. (2013). A Turn Toward Avoidance? Selective Exposure to Online Political Information, 2004–2008. Political Behavior, 35, 113-134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-011-9185-6
  • González, J. & Novo, A. (2011). El papel de la agenda mediática en un contexto de polarización política (The Role of the Media Agenda in a Context of Political Polarization). Comunicación y Sociedad, 24(2), 131. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.24.36216
  • Gunther, R., Montero, J., & Wert, J. (1999). The media and politics in Spain. In R. Gunther, J. Montero, & J. Wert, Democracy and the Media: A Comparative Perspective (pp. 28-84). Cambridge University Press.
  • Hallin, D. & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics. Cambridge University Press.
  • Hollander, B. A. (2008). Tuning Out or Tuning Elsewhere? Partisanship, Polarization, and Media Migration from 1998 to 2006. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 85(1), 23–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900808500103
  • Humanes, M. L. (2014). Exposición selectiva y partidismo de las audiencias en España. El consumo de información política durante las campañas electorales de 2008 y 2011 (Selective Exposure and Partisanship among Audiences in Spain. Consumption of Political Information during Election Campaigns: 2008 and 2011). Palabra Clave, 17(3), 773-802. https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2014.17.3.9
  • Humanes, M. L. (2020). Audiencias y uso político de los medios de comunicación. Teoría de la exposición selectiva (Audiences and political use of the media. Theory of selective exposure). In A. Castromil, M. L. Humanes, & L. García-Tojar (Eds.), La comunicación política en la era de la mediatización (Political communication in the media age) (pp. 155-180). Comunicación Social.
  • Humanes, M. L., Martínez Nicolás, M., & Saperas Lapiedra, E. (2013). Periodismo político en España. Prácticas, roles y actitudes (Political journalism in Spain. Practices, roles and attitudes). Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 19(2), 715-731. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_ESMP.2013.v19.n2.43467
  • Iyengar, S. & Hahn, K. S. (2009). Red Media, Blue Media: Evidence of Ideological Selectivity in Media Use. Journal of Communication, 59(1), 19-39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01402.x
  • Knobloch‐Westerwick, S. (2012). Selective Exposure and Reinforcement of Attitudes and Partisanship Before a Presidential Election. Journal of Communication, 62(4), 628-642. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01651.x
  • Knobloch‐Westerwick, S. (2014). Choice and Preference in Media Use: Advances in Selective Exposure Theory and Research. Routledge.
  • Ksiazek, T. B. (2016). Partisan audience polarization: Beyond selective exposure. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 24(4), 216-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870.2016.1208658
  • Koehler, D. (2014). The Radical Online: Individual Radicalization Processes and the Role of the Internet. Journal for Deradicalization, (1), 116–134. https://journals.sfu.ca/jd/index.php/jd/article/view/8
  • Lazarsfeld, P., Berelson, B., & Gaudet, H. (1944). The People's Choice: How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign. Columbia University Press.
  • Levendusky, M. (2013). How Partisan Media Polarize America. Chicago University Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226069159.001.0001
  • Levendusky, M. & Malhotra, N. (2016). Does Media Coverage of Partisan Polarization Affect Political Attitudes? Political Communication, 33(2), 283-301. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2015.1038455
  • Martín-Llaguno, M. & Berganza-Conde, M. (2001). Voters and Mass Media During 1996 Spanish National Election Campaign: Selective Exposure or Media Influence? Communications & Society, 14(1), 51-70. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.14.36382
  • Nguyen, C. (2020). Echo chambers and epistemic bubbles. Episteme, 17(2), 141-161. https://doi.org/10.1017/epi.2018.32
  • Nielsen, R. (2013). The Absence of Structural Americanization: Media System Developments in Six Affluent Democracies, 2000–2009. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 18(4), 392–412. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161213502285
  • Padró-Solanet, A. & Balcells, J. (2022). Media Diet and Polarisation: Evidence from Spain. South European Society and Politics, 27(1), 75-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2022.2046400
  • Pariser, E. (2011). The Filter Bubble: What the Internet is Hiding From You. Penguin Press.
  • Prior, M. (2013). Media and Political Polarization. Annual Review of Political Science, 16, 101-127. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-100711-135242
  • Ramírez-Dueñas, J. (2021). Polarización mediática y alineación partidista. ¿Están los ciudadanos menos abiertos a aceptar contenidos políticos adversos? (Media polarization and partisan alignment: Are citizens less open to accept adverse political content?). Congreso de la Asociación Española de Ciencia Política y de la Administración.
  • Ramírez-Dueñas, J. M. & Vinuesa-Tejero, M. L. (2020). Exposición selectiva y sus efectos en el comportamiento electoral de los ciudadanos: la influencia del consumo mediático en el voto en las elecciones generales españolas de 2015 y 2016 (Selective Exposure and its Effects on Citizens' Electoral Behavior: The Influence of Media Consumption on Voting in the Spanish General Elections of 2015 and 2016). Palabra Clave, 23(4), e2346. https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2020.23.4.6
  • Ramírez-Dueñas, J. M. & Vinuesa-Tejero, M. L. (2021). How does selective exposure affect partisan polarisation? Media consumption on electoral campaigns. The Journal of International Communication, 27(2), 258-282. https://doi.org/10.1080/13216597.2021.1899957
  • Sears, D. O. & Freedman, J. L. (1967). Selective Exposure to Information: A Critical Review. Public Opinion Quarterly, 31(2), 194–213. https://doi.org/10.1086/267513
  • Skovsgaard, M., Shehata, A., & Strömbäck, J. (2016). Opportunity Structures for Selective Exposure: Investigating Selective Exposure and Learning in Swedish Election Campaigns Using Panel Survey Data. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 21(4), 527-546. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161216658157
  • Stroud, N. (2008). Media Use and Political Predispositions: Revisiting the Concept of Selective Exposure. Political Behavior, 30, 341–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-007-9050-9
  • Stroud, N. (2011). Niche News: The Politics of News Choice. Oxford University Press.
  • Stroud, N. J. (2017). Understanding and Overcoming Selective Exposure and Judgment When Communicating About Science. In K. H. Jamieson, D. M. Kahan, & D. A. Scheufele (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Science of Science Communication (pp. 376-387). Oxford Library of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.41
  • Sunstein, C. R. (2007). Republic.com 2.0. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Tewksbury, D. & Rittenberg, J. (2012). News on the Internet: Information and Citizenship in the 21st Century Oxford Studies in Digital Politics. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780195391961.001.0001
  • Valera-Ordaz, L. (2018). Media, National Identity and Selective Exposure: Predictors of Media Preferences among the Catalan Population. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, (164), 135–154. https://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.164.135
  • Valera-Ordaz, L. (2022). Political Identity and News Media Choice: The Polarizing Logic of Selective Exposure During the Catalan Independence Conflict. Mass Communication and Society, 26(2), 326-352. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2022.2127366
  • Valera-Ordaz, L. & Humanes, M. (2022). What Drives Selective Exposure to Political Information in Spain?: Comparing Political Interest and Ideology. In D. Palau-Sampio, G. López-García, & L. Ianelli (Eds.), Contemporary Politics, Communication, and the Impact on Democracy (pp. 93-112). IGI Global.
  • Van Aelst, P., Strömbäck, J., Aalberg, T., Esser, F., De Vreese, C., Matthes, J., Hopmann, D., Salgado, S., Hubé, N., Stępińska, A., Papathanassopoulos, S., Berganza, R., Legnante, G., Reinemann, C. & Sheafer, T., & Stanyer, J. (2017). Political communication in a high-choice media environment: a challenge for democracy? Annals of the International Communication Association, 41(1), 3-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2017.1288551
  • Webster, J. & Ksiazek, T. (2012). The Dynamics of Audience Fragmentation: Public Attention in an Age of Digital Media. Journal of Communication, 62(1), 39-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01616.x
  • Zaller, J. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge University Press.
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet