Defensa Sagrada y reivindicación digital de los mártires en Iránel videojuego como herramienta propagandística
-
1
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
info
ISSN: 1137-0734
Any de publicació: 2023
Volum: 28
Número: 2
Pàgines: 395-405
Tipus: Article
Altres publicacions en: Historia y comunicación social
Resum
This article analyses how the political ritualisation of martyrs has become one of Iran's symbols of identity, promoting their remembrance and exaltation through multiple media, such as video games. Based on the concept of Sacred Defence and the importance of narrative strategies, we study the most prominent titles promoted by state institutions to disseminate their particular vision of the world and their "heroes" in the face of their enemies. To this end, we have accessed the main Iranian multimedia platforms and videoludic digital creations connected to these themes. As a preliminary result, we highlight the relevance of this format within the broad propagandistic, religious and nationalist manoeuvres promoted by the Iranian state.
Referències bibliogràfiques
- Abdolmaleki, Hadi y Majdani, Leila (2021): “The Unique Characteristic of the Sacred Defense Compared to Other Wars in Iran and the World Emphasizing the Civilization Defense Characteristics”. en Journal of Contemporary Research of Islamic Revolution 3 (9), pp. 193-211. https://journals.ut.ac.ir/article_83576.html
- Ahmadi, Ahmad (2015): “Iran” en Wolf, M. (ed.). Video Games Around the World, Cambridge (Massachusetts): Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 270-291.
- Amaliya Teen Hedam (2021): Dos métodos de apoyo y desarrollo de juegos iraníes. https://www.amaliyateenhedam.com/news.php?newsitem=403 Consultado 16-12-2022.
- Buzan, Barry y Waever, Ole (2003): Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security, New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Blout, Emily (2021): “Sot War: Myth, Nationalism, and Media in Iran”. en The Communication Review 20 (3), pp. 212-224. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2017.1346976
- Cattell, Maria y Climo, Jacob (eds.) (2002): Social Memory and History: Anthropological Perspectives, Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.
- Cohoon, Melinda (2021): “Digital Iran Soft Power and Affect in Video Games”. en Interdisciplinary Digital Engagement in Arts & Humanities 2 (1), pp. 1-23. https://doi.org/10.21428/f1f23564.3d7610e0
- Cohoon, Melinda (2022). “Information Control in Iranian Cyberspace: A Soft War Strategy”. En Arab Center for Research & Policy Studies, pp. 1-10. https://www.dohainstitute.org/en/PoliticalStudies/Pages/information-controls-in-iranian-cyberspace-a-soft-war-strategy.aspx
- Der Derian, James (2009): Virtous War: Mapping the Military-Industrial-Media-Entertainment Network, Londres: Routledge.
- Diario Judío (21 de septiembre de 2015). “El juego de video más popular en Irán: Mata al Árabe!”, https://diariojudio.com/noticias/el-juego-de-video-mas-popular-en-iran-mata-al-arabe/130559/ Consultado 12-12-2022.
- Elorza, Antonio (2004): “La Revolución de los Ayatolás”. en Claves de Razón Práctica (140), pp. 14-23.
- Esfandiary, Dina y Tabatabai, Ariane (2015): “Iran ISIS Policy ́s”. en International Affairs 91 (1), pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12183
- Frasca, G. (2003). Simulation versus Narrative: Introduction to Ludology. En Wolf (Ed.), The Video Game Theory Reader (pp. 221-235). Routledge.
- González, Paloma y Pastor, Juan Carlos (2020): La política exterior de Irán: poder y seguridad en Oriente Medio, Madrid: Catarata.
- Gruber, Christiane (2012): “The Martyr ́s Museum inTehran: Visualizing Memory in Post-Revolutionary Iran”. en Visual Anthropology (25), pp. 68-97. https://doi.org/10.1080/08949468.2012.629171
- Guimón, Pablo: “EE. UU. mata al poderoso general iraní Soleimani en un ataque con drones en el aeropuerto de Bagdad”, El País, 3-I-2020 https://elpais.com/internacional/2020/01/03/actualidad/1578010671_559662.html [10 de diciembre de 2022]
- Hansen, Lene (2011): “Theorizing the image for Security Studies: Visual securitization and the Muhammad Cartoon Crisis”. en European Journal of International Relations 17 (1), pp. 51-74. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066110388593
- Hernández, Senny (2008): “La teoría del realismo estructuralista y las interacciones entre los estados en el escenario internacional”. en Revista Venezolana de Análisis de Coyuntura XIV (2), pp. 13-29. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=36414202
- Hobbes, Thomas (2018): Leviatán, o la materia, forma y poder de una república eclesiástica y civil (6ª ED.), México: Fondo de Cultura Económica
- Hutchinson, Emma y Bleiker, Roland (2014): “Theorizing Emotions in World Politics”. en International Theory 6 (3), pp. 491-514. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1752971914000232
- Isakhan, Benjamin (2011). “Targeting the Symbolic Dimension of Baathist Iraq: Cultural Destruction, Historical Memory and National Identity”. en Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication 4 (3), pp. 255-279. https://doi.org/10.1163/187398611X590200
- IQNA (International Quran News Agency): “Extracto de las declaraciones del imam Jamenei en la ceremonia de confirmación del mandato de la XIII Presidencia de la República Islámica de Irán”. 23-VIII-2021. https://iqna.ir/es/news/3505738/la-mayor-actividad-del-enemigo-es-la-propaganda-para-dominar-las-opiniones-p%C3%BAblicas-de-las-naciones Consultado 28-11-2022
- Khakpour, Arta, Khorrami, Mohammad y Vatanabadi, Shouleh (2016): Moments of Silence. Authenticity in the Cultural Expressions of the Iran-Iraq War, 1980-1988, Nueva York: New York University Press.
- Khosrokhavar, Farhad (2005): Suicide Bombers: Allah ́s New Martyrs, Londres: Pluto Press.
- Khosronejad, Pedram (2012): Iranian Sacred Defence Cinema: Religion, Martydom and National Identity, Canon Pyo (Reino Unido): Sean Kingston Publishing.
- Khosronejad, Pedram (2013); Unburied Memories: The Politics of Bodies of Sacred Defense Martyrs in Iran, Londres: Routledge.
- Koschut, Simon (2022); “Emotions and International Relations”. en International Studies Association and Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.693
- Knottnerus, J. David (2014): “Religion, ritual, and collective emotion”. en Von Scheve, C. y Salmela, M. (eds.). Collective Emotions. Perspectives from Psychology, Philosophy, and Sociology, Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 312-325.
- Manovic, Lev (2001): The Language of new media, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
- Moreno, Antonio: “Irán y el videojuego político”. Hyperhype. Videojuegos & Política. Vol. XII, 25-X-2021 https://www.hyperhype.es/proteger-la-revolucion-desde-el-ocio-iran-y-el-videojuego-politico/ Consultado 12-12-2022.
- Moreno, Antonio y Venegas, Alberto (2020): Videojuegos y conflictos internacionales, Sevilla: Héroes de Papel.
- Monitor de Oriente: “El nuevo juego de Call of Duty tiene como misión matar a “Soleimani” en Irán”, 24-X-2022 https://www.monitordeoriente.com/20221024-el-nuevo-juego-de-call-of-duty-tiene-como-mision-matar-a-soleimani-de-iran/ Consultado 4-12-2022.
- Ostovar, Afshon (2019): “The Grand Strategy of Militant Clients: Iran’s Way of War”. en Security Studies 28 (1), pp. 159-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2018.1508862
- Pérez, O. (2012). El lenguaje videolúdico. Análisis de la significación del videojuego. Laertes.
- Rad, Siavash (2021): “Politics of Language in Video Games: Identity and Representation of Iran”. en International Journal of Persian Literature 6 (1), pp. 103-119. https://doi.org/10.5325/intejperslite.6.0103
- República Islámica de Irán (1979): “Constitución de Irán (República Islámica del), 1979, con enmiendas hasta 1989”. en Constituteproject. https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Iran_1989.pdf?lang=es
- Rimé, Bernard (2017): “The Social Sharing of Emotions in Interpersonal and in Collective Situations”. en Holyst, J.A. (Ed.) Cyberemotion. Collective Emotions in Cyberspace, Nueva York: Springer International Publishing. pp. 53-69.
- Rocha, Pedro (2017): “The role of geography in International Politics: an issue-led territorial explanation for the Iran-Iraq War (1980-88)”. en Pax et Bellum Journal Student Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies 4 (1), pp. 50-58. http://paxetbellum.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Volume-4.pdf
- Rose, Sunniva: “Holy Defence: Hezbollah issues call of duty video to video games”, Middle East Eye, 1-III-2018 https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/holy-defence-hezbollah-issues-call-duty-video-gamers Consultado 10-12-2022
- Sapag, Pablo (2017): Siria en perspectiva. De una crisis internacionalmente mediatizada al histórico dilema interno, Madrid: Ediciones de la UCM.
- Shahnahpur, Saeedeh (2021). “Destruction Operation: Iranian-Made Digital Games of the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)”. en International Journal of Persian Literature 6 (1), pp. 75-102. https://doi.org/10.5325/intejperslite.6.0075
- Quds online: “Director de la Fundación Shahid: los juegos de computadora son la forma de transmitir cultura”, 2-X-2021. https://bit.ly/3BmorjJ Consultado 9-12-2022.
- Sempere, José María.: “Irán prohíbe Battlefield 3 por su representación de Irán”, Eurogamer.es, 29-XI-2021 https://www.eurogamer.es/iran-prohibe-battlefield-3 Consultado 12-12-2022.
- Šisler, Vit (2013a): “Video Game Development in the Middle East: Iran, the Arab World, and Beyond”. en Huntemann, N. y Aslinger, B. (eds.). Gaming Globally. Production, Play, and Place, Nueva York: Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 251-272.
- Šisler, Vit (2013b): “Digital Heroes: Identity Construction in Iranian Video Games”. en Sreberny, Anabelle y Torfeh, Massoumeh. (eds.). Cultural Revolution in Iran:Contemporary Popular Culture in the Islamic Republic, London: I.B.Tauris, pp. 171-192.
- Varzi, Roxanne (2006): Youth Media and Martydom in Post-Revolution Iran, Durham (Carolina del Norte): Duke University Press.
- Waltz, Kenneth (1979): Theory of International Politics, Reading (Massachusetts): Addison-Wsley Publishing Company.
- Wendt, Alexander (2005): “La anarquía es lo que los estados hacen de ella. La construcción social de la política de poder”. en Revista Académica de Relaciones Internacionales (1), pp.1-47. https://revistas.uam.es/relacionesinternacionales/article/view/4828
- Wolfers, Arnold (1962): Discord And Collaboration Essay On International Politics, Baltimore (Maryland): The Johns Hopkins Press.
- Yaghoubian, David (2014): Ethnicity, Identity, and the Development of Nationalism in Iran, Nueva York: Syracuse University Press.